Introduction

The Hype
>    overview [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
>    name & meaning
>    phases
>    southern oscillation
>    teleconnections
>    kelvin and rossby waves
>    upwelling

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History of El Niņo - Tracking a Global Mystery
It may seem like El Niņo is a recent phenomenon -- all of a sudden out of the clear blue sky, so to speak. It's everywhere today, glued to the front pages of all major newspapers and magazines, insurance companies are going crazy at the thought of damages -- roughly $8 billion for the last one -- and now the internet?!? Search engines are producing URL's by the trillions for the query of "El Niņo". You may be thinking, "Where did it come from?" and worse, "Is this another greenhouse gas effect?"

The answer and more is what you will find on this site.


The 1567 El Niņo
Historical records speak of an El Niņo that took place in 1567. We can only guess what earlier civilizations thought of the change in weather, and what gods they cursed for the drought, or lack of fish, or massive rains that wiped out their crops. Peruvian sailors who fished in small boats along the western-most shores of South America were the first to give a name to the phenomenon. Normally the waters they fished were cold and flowed from south to north. But in certain years the waters would reverse their flow and become very warm. This, of course, was not good for fishing; basically, the fish food chain would collapse and the year would be a write-off for the fishermen. Because the phenomenon would usually begin to peak around the Christian Christmas holiday, the sailors named the odd weather "El Niņo" meaNiņg "the Christ Child." [Read the section called "El Niņo: The Name and Its Meaning" later in this section for more information on the name.]

The Conrad
Scientists and crew on board the research vessel Conrad, sailing eastwards along the equator in the Pacific, first noticed that things were not as they should be in Septemeber 1982. For one, the sea surface temperarture was noticeably warmer than it should be for that time of the year. For another, the ship's cook, the man responsible for the food preparation on board, was not getting enough supplies of fresh fishes. What's more is that all the measurements that they took were all anomalies. Acutally, they were so anomalous that the main computer at Washington, DC, USA was rejecting the measurements since it was programmed to reject anything that might too far of the expected measurements. They assumed that such measurments would be the result of fauly instruments, not acutal readings.

Then, a most important thing was recognized when one of the main engines on the Conrad developed a problem. Running on only one engine would leave the vessel considerably behind schedule, since the engine had to work against the prevailing east-to-west current. However, all of the navigational readings revealed that the vessel was travelling east faster that it should have been; the Conrad was actually ahead of schedule. This could only have happened if the ocean currents were flowing from west to east, the reverse of normal direction.

We now know that the crew witnessed one of the strongest El Niņo's of this century -- the 1982-82 El Niņo.

For a long time the unusual appearance of warm surface waters off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador was thought to be a local, coastal phenomenon. However, the 1950s revealed a different picture. Scientists organized in 1957 an International Geophysical Year of intensive measurements of our planet. It so happens that El Niņo occurred in 1957. The data collected in this meeting showed two important things: (1) the unusual warm surface water was not confined to Ecuador and Peru coasts but extended thousands of kilometers offshore and covered much of the eastern tropical Pacific and (2) trade winds over the Pacific Ocean were unusually relaxed that year.

Why did this happen?

The scientific community needed the assistance of Sir Gilbert Walker from England to provide with more information about this "local phenomenon".



Next Page: Sir Gilbert Walker