The Brain Stem is deep in the brain and above the spinal cord.

Functions:

• Breathing
• Heart Rate
• Swallowing
• Reflexes to seeing and hearing (Startle Response).
• Controls sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic Nervous System).
• Affects level of alertness.
• Ability to sleep.
• Sense of balance (Vestibule Function).

Observed Problems:

• Decreased vital capacity in breathing, important for speech.
• Swallowing food and water (Dysphasia).
• Difficulty with organization/perception of the environment.
• Problems with balance and movement.
• Dizziness and nausea (Vertigo).
• Sleeping difficulties (Insomnia, sleep apnea).

The brain stem plays a vital role in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness. All information to and from our body passes through the brain stem on the way to or from the brain. Like the frontal and temporal lobes, the brain stem is located in an area near bony protrusions making it vulnerable to damage during trauma.