Acknowledgements

We acknowledge with gratitude the assistance provided by the scientists who corresponded with us to answer our many questions. These generous experts are listed below in alphabetical order: E-mail references are included in the Sources section.

Andra Bobbitt, GIS/Research Assistant, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Newport, Oregon.

Susan E. Cook, Communications, Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Dr. Christopher Fox, Principal Investigator, PMEL, Newport, Oregon.

David Gordon, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Dr. Stephen R. Hammond, VENTS Program Director, marine geophysicist, PMEL.

Jonathan Kaye, Graduate Student - Microbiology, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Russell McDuff, Associate Professor and Associate Director, University of Washington School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Dr. Gary McMurtry, Associate Professor, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Dr. Lauren Mullineaux, Benthic Ecology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Kathleen Patterson, Public Information Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Veronique Robigou, Geologist and Co-Director, REVEL Project, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Dr. David R. Williams, National Space Science Data Center at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Dr. Dana R. Yoerger, Associate Scientist, Deep Submergence Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.


We would also like to acknowledge our coaches, Mr. Don Hyatt of Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, and Dr. Susan Behel of Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, Florida, and thank them for their invaluable help and encouragement.

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Books

Blair, Carvel Hall. Exploring the Sea: Oceanography Today. New York: Randon House, 1986.

Broad, William J. The Universe Below: Discovering the Secrets of the Deep Sea. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Charton, Barbara. Facts on File Dictionary of Marine Science. New York: Facts on File, 1988.

Cone, Joseph. Fire Under the Sea . New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991.

Davies, Eryl. Ocean Frontiers. New York: Viking Press, 1980.

Duxbury, Alyn D. and Alison B. An Introduction to the World's Oceans (4th ed.). Dubuque: Wm C. Brown Publishers, 1984.

Erickson, Jon. Plate Tectonics: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Earth. New York: Facts on File, 1992.

Fodor, R.V. The Strange World of Deep-Sea Vents. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1991.

Fleisher, Paul. Our Oceans: Experiments and Activities in Marine Science. Brookfield: The Millbrook Press, 1995.

Gaines, Richard. The Explorers of the Undersea World. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1994.

Goss, M. Grant. Principles of Oceanography (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Groves, Don. The Oceans: A Book of Questions and Answers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1989.

Henrickson, Robert. The Ocean Almanac. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1984.

Ingmanson, Dale E. and William J. Wallace. Oceanography: An Introduction (5th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995.

Kaharl, Victoria A. Water Baby: The Story of Alvin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

MacQuitty, Miranda. Eyewitness Books - Ocean. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.

Markel, Sandra. Pioneering Ocean Depths. New York: Atheneum Books, 1995.

Robinson, W. Wright. Incredible Facts about the Ocean: The Land Below, the Life Within (volume 2). Minneapolis: Dillon Press, Inc., 1987.

Ross, David A. Introduction to Oceanography. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Simon, Seymour. How to Be an Ocean Scientist in Your Own Home. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1988.

Thurman, Harold V. Introductory Oceanography. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997.

Van Dover, Cindy Lee. The Octopus's Garden. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1995.

Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Virginia 4-H Marine and Aquatic Science Publications. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech and Virginia State, 1987.

Waters, John F. Sea Vents: Living Worlds Without Sun. New York: Cobblehill Books, 1994.

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Dictionaries


Allaby, Ailsa and Michael, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. New York: The Oxford University Press, 1991.

Charton, Barbara et al., ed. The Facts on File Dictionary of Marine Science. New York: Facts on File, 1988.

Daintith, John, ed. Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry. New York: Facts on File, 1988.

Lapidus, Dorothy Farris, ed. Facts on File Dictionary of Geology and Geophysics. New York: Facts on File, 1987.

Lawrence, Eleanor, ed. Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms (11th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995

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e-mail Messages

Bobbitt, Andra <bobbitt@pmel.noaa.gov> "Re: Unable to access vents maps." July 13 and July 14, 1998. "Re: Vents images" July 15, 1998. Personal e-mail

Cook, S.E. <secook@u.washington.edu> "Bug pics." August 21, 1998. Personal e-mail

Fox, Chris <fox@pmel.noaa.gov> "RE: VENTS Video Clips" February 17, 1998. "Re: Vents Web Page." July 6 and August 5, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Franke, Norman <franke1@llnl.gov> "Re: Use of SoundApp File Icons" August 17, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Gordon, David. <davidg@washington.edu> "Bug pics." August 21, 1998. Personal e-mail

Hammond, Steve <hammond@pmel.noaa.gov> "Re: Request for Assistance." July 28, 1998. "Jon Mann and Ocean adVENTure Project message."; August 26, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Kaye, Jonathan. <jzkaye@ocean.washington.edu> "Vents." July 28, 1998. "Re: Research from Jon Mann." August 3, 1998. "Jon Kaye review" August 3, 1998; "Re: Photo permission" August 14, 1998. "(no subject)" August 17, 1998. and "bug photo" August 18, 1998. Personal e-mail.

McDuff, Russell <mcduff@ocean.washington.edu> "Re: Interview." July 29 and July 31, 1998. Personal e-mail.

McMurtry, Gary M. <garym@soest.hawaii.edu> "Re: ASK-AN-EARTH-SCIENTIST." July 9, July 13, and July 21, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Mullineaux, Lauren. <lmullineaux@whoi.edu> "Re: Vent Sanctuaries." July 6, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Patterson, Kathleen. <kpatterson@whoi.edu> "Re: copyright Release." June 16, June 18, and June 19, 1998. "WHOI Images" August 17, 1998. "Re: More images you requested" August 31, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Robigou, Veronique. <vero@ocean.washington.edu> "Re: Request for Assistance." August 13, 1998. "Re: Meet the Scientists" August 16, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Yoerger, Dana R.< dyoerger@thompson.ocean.washington.edu> "Dana Yoerger e-mail at sea." August 26, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Yoerger, Dana R.< dyoerger@whoi.edu> "Re: Interview questions." July 29, 1998. "Re: Interview for Ocean adVENTure! project!" August 24, 1998. Personal e-mail.

Williams, Dave <dwilliams@nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov> "Re: true?" July 16 and 17, 1998. Personal e-mail.

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Encyclopedia

Gordon, Arnold L. "Ocean." The World Book Encyclopedia , vol. 14. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1991.

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Images and Sounds

Welcome Aboard! section

Image of white smoker vents from <http://rho.pmel.noaa.gov/oerd/randall/web/monolith_91.jpg>. PMEL. Public domain.

Image of Alvin underwater from <http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/071297dive.3.jpg> WHOI. Kathleen Patterson, August 28, 1998. Telephone conversation.

Dive Briefing section

Image of Alvin underwater from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/Alvin2.jpg>. PMEL. Public domain.

Image of Alvin's interior from <http://www.marine.whoi.edu/ships/alvin/sphere_photos/portaft.gif>. WHOI. Kathleen Patterson, August 28, 1998. Telephone conversation.

Image of blue-tinted vent from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/SCsmoker1.JPG>. Public domain.

Movie of blue-tinted vent from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/SCsmoker1.mpg>. Public domain.


Research Tools section

Image of color-enhanced map of Mid-Ocean Ridge from <http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/mggd.gif>. Public domain.

Sound of underwater volcanic eruption from <http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/geophysics/sounds/quake.wav>. Public domain.

RealAudio icon from <http://www.realaudio.com/corporate/logos/pics/realaudio.gif>. August, 1998. Usage guidelines at <http://www.realaudio.com/corporate/logos/policy.html>. "The Real™ Mark must be used as a stand-alone trademark to represent the technology used by the product..."

Image of .WAV, .AU, and .AIFF file format icons from SoundApp 2.4 application. Permission from Norman Franke, author, August 17, 1998. E-mail.

Image of map of Juan de Fuca Ridge from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/JdFR_color.gif>. Public domain.

Image of pillow lava from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/FlowContact.JPG>. Public domain.

Image of yellow-tinted vent from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/SCsmoker2.JPG>. Public domain.

Movie of yellow-tinted vent from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/SCsmoker2.mpg>. Public domain.

Image of Alvin's mechanical arm from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/monolith_smoker.jpg>. Public domain.


Meet the Scientists section

Image of photo of Andra Bobbitt from <http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/~bobbitt/images/andra-al.gif>. Andra Bobbitt, July 1998. E-mail message.

Image of photo of Chris Fox from <http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/~fox/cfox.jpg>. Chris Fox, August 5, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of photo of Steve Hammond. E-mail attachment. Steve Hammond, August, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of photo of Russell McDuff from <http://bromide.ocean.washington.edu/mcduff.gif>. Russell McDuff, July 31, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of photo of Lauren Mullineaux from <http://www.whoi.edu/science/coastal/public_html/images/Mullineaux_L.GIF>. Lauren Mullineaux, August 29, 1998. Telephone conversation.

Image of photo of Jon Kaye from <http://quale.ocean.washington.edu/oman/kaye/me.html>. Jon Kaye, August 24, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of photo of Veronique Robigou from <http://www.ocean.washington.edu/people/staff/vero/vero97.jpg>. Veronique Robigou, August, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of photo of Dana Yoerger from &lthttp://www.dsl.whoi.edu/DSL/dana/award.jpg>. Dana Yoerger, August 24, 1998. E-mail message.


Fauna section

Image of floating vent bacteria from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/snowblower.JPG>. Public domain.

Image of sub-seafloor circulation from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/chemistry/vents2.gif>. Public domain.

Image of floc bacteria from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Videos/FlocKelp.JPG>. Public domain.

Image of crab field from <http://rho.pmel.noaa.gov/oerd/randall/web/rm28crabs.gif>. Public domain.

Image of vent shrimp from <http://rho.pmel.noaa.gov/oerd/randall/web/shrimp.gif>. Public domain.

Image of Pompeii worm furnished by e-mail attachment by Joanne Tromp for Kathleen Patterson. August 31, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of tube worm furnished by e-mail attachment by Joanne Tromp for Kathleen Patterson. August 31, 1998. E-mail message.

Image of archaea furnished by e-mail attachment by Susan E. Cook for David Gordon. August 21, 1998. E-mail message.


Geology section

Image of seafloor spreading graphic from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/Seafloor_spreading.jpg>. Public domain.

Image of Alvin at Godzilla chimney from <http://www.ocean.washington.edu/outreach/revel/subgodzilla.jpg>. Veronique Robigou, August 16, 1998. E-mail message.


Significance section

Image of Europa from <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/jupiter/gal_eu2_48040.jpg>. Public domain.

Vent Ethics section Image of white smoker hydrothermal vent from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geochem/mono4.jpg>. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (PMEL). Public domain.


Unsolved Mysteries section

Image of Alvin underwater from <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/Images/Alvin2.jpg>. PMEL. Public domain.

Image of Alvin with divers from WHOI archive. WHOI. Kathleen Patterson, August 30, 1998. Telephone conversation.


InterActivities section

Image of temperature probe furnished by e-mail attachment by Joanne Tromp for Kathleen Patterson. August 31, 1998. E-mail message.

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Newspapers

Achenbach, Joel. "In Search of Alien Slime." TheWashington Post, March 8, 1998, p. C1.

Berardelli, Phil. "Hot Springs Sprung Life?" Insight on the News, The Washington Times Corporation, vol. 12, December 2, 1996, p. 36 (2).

Blum, Deborah. "Studies of Life's Origin Now Center on...Sludge," The Sacramento Bee, September 16, 1996, p. A1.

Broad, William J. "Undersea Treasure, and its Odd Guardians," The New York Times, Dec. 30, 1998, p. B13.

Crenson, Matt, "New Look at Origins of Life," Montreal Gazette, March 19, 1995, p. C5.

Graham, David, "Life-Giving Molecule May Have Swarmed in Primeval Muck, " The San Diego Union-Tribune, February 23, 1995, p. B-4ff.

_______. "UCSD Scientists Offer Clues to Origins of Life, " The San Diego Union-Tribune, June 29, 1995, p. B-3ff.

Guiders, Mark. "Lab Cracks Genetic Code of Ancient Organism." The Baltimore Sun, August 23, 1996, p. 1A.

LaFee, Scott. "Ruptures of the Deep." The San Diego Union-Tribune, April 10, 1996, p. E-1.

Niiler, Eric. "Free of Tethers, New Robots Bring a Sea Change in Science." The San Diego Union-Tribune, January 17, 1996, p. E1.

Sawyer, Kathy. "New Photos Back Theory of Slushy Jovian Moon." The Washington Post, March 3, 1998, p. A7.

_______. "'Small Game Hunting' on the Ocean Floor." The Washington Post, August 26, 1998, p. A1.

_______. "Subsea Quakes Yield Lode of Data on Little-Known Realm." The Washington Post, April 27, 1998, p. A3.

_______. "Why the Worm Doesn't Burn." The Washington Post, February 9, 1998, p. A2.

Schluster, Roger. "LIfe on Mars?" Belleville [Illinois] News-Democrat, September 24, 1996.

_______. "Research Points to Ocean Depth for the Origin on Life." Belleville [Illinois] News-Democrat, March 5, 1996.

"Scientists Eager to Study Underwater Volcano Erupting off Oregon Coast." The Washington Post, January 30, 1998, p. A3.

Scott, LaFee, "Studies Hint RNA Played Major Role in Origin of Life," The San Diego Union-Tribune, May 8, 1995, p. B-1.

Siegfried, Tom. "The Origin of Life is Rather Old News." The Dallas Morning News, February 27, 1995, p. 6D.

Spotts, Peter N. "Microscopic Life Unlike Any Other: Evolution of the Species." The Christian Science Monitor, August 23, 1996, p. 1.

Suplee, Curt. "Fresh Facts Surface on Renewal of Planet's Sea Bottom Crust." The Washington Post, May 25, 1998, p. A3.

Svitil, Kathy A. "Water World." Discover, vol. 18, May 1997, pp. 86-88.

Tibbits, George. "Seafloor Volcanoes Studied." Associated Press News Service, December 10, 1995.

Wade, Nicholas. "Data Back Idea Life Began in Inferno." The New York Times, July 31, 1998, p. A14.

Warrick, Joby. "Yellowstone: A Gold Mine of Microbes." The Washington Post, July 12, 1998, p. A1.

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Periodicals

"An Ocean Aborning a Steppe from Moscow." U.S. News & World Report, August 20, 1990, pp. 13-14.

Arnst, Catherine, ed. "A Worm for All Seasons." BusinessWeek, February 23, 1998, p. 111.

Belt, Don. "Russia's Lake Baikal: The World's Great Lake." National Geographic, June 1992, pp. 2-36.

Britton, Peter and Dennis Normile. "Undersea Explorers." Popular Science, May 1995, p. 39ff.

Broad, William J. "The Hot Dive." Earth, August 1997, p. 26-31+.

DiChristina, Mariette. "Science at Sea," Popular Science, August 1997, pp. 82-83.

DeLong, Edward. "Archaeal Means and Extremes." Science, April 1998, pp. 542-543.

Dybas, Cheryl Lyn. "The Deep-Sea Floor Rivals Rain Forests in Diversity of Life," Smithsonian, January 1996, pp. 96-106.

Fitzgerald, Lisa M. "Seven Underwater Wonders of the World." Sea Frontiers, December 1990, pp. 8 - 25.

Gillis, Anna Maria. "A Pressure-Filled Life." Bioscience, October 1994, p. 584.

Goff, Fraser and Gary McMurtry. "Tritium and Stable Isotopes of Magmatic Waters." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (in press, 1998).

Gore, Rick. "Our Restless Planet Earth." National Geographic, August 1985, pp. 142 - 191.

Grove, Noel. Volcanoes: Crucibles of Creation." National Geographic, December 1992, pp. 5-41.

Hart, Stanley and Jerzy Blusztajn. "Clams as Recorders of Ocean Ridge Volcanism and Hydrothermal Vent Field Activity." Science, 8 May 1998, pp. 883-886.

Hart, Stephen and Laura Jean Penvenne, "Tubeworm Travels," Earth, June 1997, p. 48 (6).

"Home on the Bone," Discover, October 1996, p. 22.

Horgan, John. "In the Beginning. . ." Scientific American, Feb. 1991, pp 116-123.

Huber, Claudia and Gunter Waechtershaeuser. "Activated Acetic Acid by Carbon Fixation on (Fe, Ni)S Under Primordial Conditions. Science, 11 April 1997, p. 245+.

_______. "Peptides by Activation of Amino Acids with CO on (Ni, Fe, S) surfaces: Implications for the Origin of Life." Science, 31 July 1998, pp. 670-672.

_______. "Where Smokers Rule." Science, April 11, 1997, p. 222.

Lazcano, Antonio. "Biotic Survivors." Science, July 4, 1997, p. 46.

Lemonick, Michael D., "The Last Frontier," Time, August 14, 1995, p. 52ff.

Lipkin, Richard. "Enzyme Helps Microorganism Thrive in Heat." Science News, March 11, 1995, p. 150.

Lutz, Richard A. and Rachel M. Haymon. "Rebirth of a Deep-Sea Vent," National Geographic, Nov. 1994, p. 114-126.

MacInnis, Joe. "Discovery in the Deep: Life in Lake Baikal Tests Evolution Theories." MacLean's, August 20, 1990. pp. 46-47.

Miller, Julie Ann. "What Will They Sense Next?" Bioscience, April 1995, p. 246.

Monastersky, R. "Deep Ocean is No Place to Hide." Science News, February 8, 1997, p. 91.

_______. "Eruptions Spark Explosions of Life." Science News, July 1, 1995, p. 4.

_______. "The Quick Recipe for a Soup of Black Gold." Science News, November 4, 1989, p.285.

_______. "The Rise of Life on Earth." National Geographic, March 1998, pp. 54 - 81.

_______. "Vents Would Scald a Primordial Soup." Science News, August 20, 1988, p. 117.

Morrison, Philip. "Wonders: Gutless." Scientific American, July 1996, p. 104-107.

Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Fastest Worms in the World." Science News, October 22, 1994, p. 260.

Plaut, Josh. "A Whale of a Find." Science World, Oct 9, 1992, pp. 4-5.

Renninger, G.H. et al., "Sulfide as a Chemical Stimulus for Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Shrimp," The Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), October 1995, p. 69ff.

Reimers, Clare E. "Feedbacks from the Sea Floor." Nature, February 5, 1998, p. 536-7.

Rona, Peter A. "Metal Factories of the Deep Sea." Natural History, January 1988, p. 117.

"Smoking Worms." Discover, July 1995, p. 24.

Stover, Dawn. "Creatures of the Thermal Vents." Popular Science, May 1995, pp. 54-59.

"Superhot Fluids from Ocean Bottom." Science News, July 21, 1990, p. 46.

Taylor, Craig D. and Carl O. Wirsen. "Microbiology and Ecology of Filamentous Sulfur Formation." Science, September 5, 1998, p. 1483 (3).

Travis, John. "Probing the Unsolved Mysteries of the Deep." Science, February 19, 1993, pp. 1123-1124.

Urabe, T. et al . "The Effect of Magmatic Activity on Hydrothermal Venting Along the Superfast-Spreading East Pacific Rise." Science, 25 August 1995, pp. 1092-5.

Van Damm, K.L. et al . "Evolution of East Pacific Rise Hydrothermal Vent Fluids Following a Volcanic Eruption." Nature, May 4, 1995, p. 47- 50.

Van Dover, Cindy Lee. "Depths of Ignorance." Discover, September 1993, pp. 37-39.

"Vasty Deeps," The Economist, September 3, 1994, p. 81.

Wiley, John P. Jr, "Phenomena, Comment and Notes." Smithsonian, May 1997, pp. 22-24.

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Websites

Websites marked by this symbol: "()" were visited one or more times between March and August 1998.

Ahalt, Darlene A. "Amazing Facts: Our Oceans" Amazing Facts. February 26, 1997. ()
<http://pao.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/efacts/efacts.htm>

"Ask A Scientist - Biology." Ask A Scientist Biology Archive. n.d. ()

"Automated display and statistical analysis of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs." PMEL Publications Abstracts. n.d. (3/20/98)
<http://rho.pmel.noaa.gov/oerd/RANDALL/WEB/0924.html>

Bell, Ed V., II, programmer. "New Millenium DS-2" NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft. May 19, 1998. (7/17/98)

"Book Description of 'Archea: A Laboratory Manual.'" Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Website n.d. ()
<http://www.cshl.org/books/arch.htm>

Bradley, Al. "What Is ABE and What Does It Do?" n.d. (7/23/98)
<http://www.dsl.whoi.edu/DSL/dana/abe_cutesy.html>

"A Brief Summary of the Autonomous Benthic Explorer" n.d. (7/23/98)
<http://www.dsl.whoi.edu/DSL/dana/abe_serious.html>

Bryant, Mark. "A Smokin' Ecosystem" July 30, 1998. (7/31/98)
<http://archive.abcnews.com/sections/science/DailyNews/chimneys980718.html>

Chadwick, Bill, et al. "METHODS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND GEOLOGY DATABASE." 4/8/98. ()
<http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/methods.html>

Chang, Kenneth. "Cooking up Life's Origins" 8/10/98. (8/16/98)
<http://archive.abcnews.com/sections/science/DailyNews/lifeorigins980730.html>

"Cross-cutting Themes." RIDGE Program Announcement NSF 95 132. n.d. (7/9/98)
<http://ridge.unh.edu/nsf/cross_cut.html>

Discovery Communications, Inc. "Discovery Online - Sea Vents: Where Life Began."Discovery Channel Online. 1998. ()
<http://www.discovery.com/stories/science/seavents/seavents.html>

Dye, Lee. "Life in the Extreme" 1998. (7/23/98)
<http://archive.abcnews.com/sections/scitech/dye7/index.html>

Edgar, Blake. "Under the Volcano: Seafloor Vents and Volcanoes May Hold the Key to Understanding the Origins of Life on Earth...and Elsewhere." Horizons: Summer 1997. ()
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Environmental News Network, Inc. "Year of the Ocean 1998." 1998. ()
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Feldman, Gene Carl. "SeaWiFS Home Page." n.d. ()
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"The JASON Project" n.d. ()
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Kneusel, Ron, et al. "Weights & Measures." June 22, 1998. ()
<http://www.lgs.jussieu.fr/~intridge/sanct.htm>

Meadows, Robin. "Life without Light: Discoveries from the Abyss." Zoogoer Archives. 1996. ()

Mullineaux, Lauren, et al. "Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Sanctuaries: A Position Paper." Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Sanctuaries. April 1998. ()
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National Science Foundation; M. Lane, Webmaster. "Scientists Witness Creation of New Hydrothermal Vents on Seafloor." National Science Foundation Geosciences Press Releases. October 4, 1996. ()
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New England Aquarium; Bruce Wyman, Webmaster. "NEAq - Kid's Space - Make A Deep Sea Vent" New England Aquarium Kid's Space. June 29, 1998. ()
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"NOAA/PMEL OERD Program, Physical Oceanography." NOAA/PMEL OERD Program. n.a. January 23, 1997. ()
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"NOVA Online: Into the Abyss" June 1998. (8/16/98)
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"Ocean Facts on Ocean Exploration." International Year of the Ocean. 1998. ()
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"Ocean Facts on Protected Marine Areas" (NOAA) n.d. (6/29/98)
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"Ocean Facts on Ocean Science Careers." n.d. (6/29/98)
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"Ocean Facts on Protected Marine Areas." n.d. (6/29/98)
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Peregrine Publishers, Inc. "The Biology Place" 1998. ()
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"PMEL researcher biographies." n.d. ()
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Reed, Don. "Hydrothermal Vent Systems." February 10, 1997. ()
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"Related Works: New Extremophile Produces Viscous Polysaccharide." Related Works. n.d. ()

"Scientists Witness Creation of New Hydrothermal Vents on Seafloor" October 4, 1996. (2/14/98)
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Stevens, Jane Ellen. "An Undersea Quest for New Life" 7/12/97. (7/23/98)
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Stevens, Jane Ellen. "A Personal Journey to the Bottom of the Sea" 7/10/97. (7/23/98)
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University of Washington; Josh Bestwick, Webmaster."Revel Project 1997." REVEL (Research and Education: Volcanoes, Exploration & Life). 1997. ()
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"Untitled (1994 Coaxial Dive Summaries)." n.a. 1994. (3/20/98)
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