Important Theories and Laws for Astronomers 

Bode's laws A simple formula to calculate the distances of most of the planets.
Doppler effect How do we measure distances in the Universe?
Keplers laws Orbits of the planets are elliptical and their motion velocity is varying. 
Gravity, mass and weight Everything you should know about gravitation when studying the universe.
Special Theory of Relativity Nothing can move faster than the speed of light and everything is relative.
General Theory of Relativity The most famous theory of the century.
Light and spectrum What is electromagnetic radiation and light spectrum; the spectral classes of stars.
Measuring distances Astronomical sizes, how do we measure the distance of the Universal objects?
Elementary particles The basic constituents of the universe that determine the fundamental forces.
Hydrogen The basic element that provides the energy to the stars.

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