Notes and Definitions

Notes on Breeding Groups

     Often during an increase of the main food source will encourage raptors to form pair bonds with more than one mate. Harris' Hawk is odd, for they will form polyandrous bonds without a prey increase. Polyandry is only reported in Harris' Hawk and Galapagos hawks.

Types of pair bonds

Monogamy
The most common mating arrangement among raptors, monogamy is the practice of an extensive pair bonds between two raptors of the opposite sexes.
Polygamy
Pair bonds formed with more than one raptor of the opposite sex.
Polygyny
A mating system when one male mates with more than one female. This is most common when there is a rapid increase in prey populations.
Polyandry
Where one female mates with more than one male. Very uncommon, only found in the Galapagos hawks and Harris' Hawk.

Notes on Color Phases

     "Color Phases" is perhaps in inaccurate term; the term color phases suggests that color change is related to age, and this is not so. Often the term color morph is used to avoid confusion. Color phases are not linked to gender either; but often color phases are linked to environment. There is a theory related to this, named Gloger's Rule. The rule states that color is directly effected by climate. For example- in a dry climate the plumage may be paler, while in a wet climate the plumage would be darker. In colder climates plumage contains more creams and blues, while in hotter climates plumage has more red.

Notes on Cooperative Hunting

     Most raptors are solitary by nature, and this usually applies to hunting also. However, many raptors will hunt cooperatively to increase their chances of catching prey. Often, when confronted by a raptor the prey will flee in the other direction. If the raptor is hunting with a partner, the partner will be waiting for this and will quickly kill the prey.

     Harris' Hawk is noted for its peculiarity in breeding arangements (see above), and is also odd in the way it hunts. Often, they will travel in family groups of four and five and hunt down large prey. Their hunting tactics are sophisticated, and are noted for being very much like wolves. A hawk may flush the prey and then chase it to exhaustion, or just overwhelm it with sheer force of numbers. When juveniles are with the party, they will eat before the adults.

Notes on Reverse Sexual Dimorphism

     Size is variant on many factors- gender, family, food population and others. In raptors, females are larger, often by 1/3. This is called Reverse sexual dimorphism. Differences in plumage, size and other attributes due to gender is known as sexual dimorphism. The term "sexual dimorhpism" is also often used to convey the fact that in most animals, males are larger than the females. Raptors are just the opposite. Reverse sexual dimorphism, or RSD, is greater in faster, active bird-eating raptors, such as falcons, than in slower, more relaxed raptors such as eagles or buteos. The differences in RSD also differ from species to species.

Definitions

Buteo

- A member of the Buteo family, with broad, rounded wings, curved claws and beak. Generally does not execute power dives.

Clutch

- The group of eggs that a female lays in one season.

Primaries

- The longest feathers of the wings.

Reverse Sexual Dimorphism

- (also referred to as RSD) is the opposite of sexual dimorphism. In most animals, males are larger than females. In raptors, particularly active raptors, this is not so.

Secondaries

- the second longest feathers of the wings.

Sexual Dimorphism

- is the fact that size, color, and other attributes differ between male and female. Sexual Dimorphism also refers to the fact that most male species are larger than females. See also- Reverse Sexual Dimorphism