Genetics, biotechnology, and molecular biology are some of the fastest-growing and most controversial industries of our time. Using the latest developments in these areas, it is possible to sequence the entire human genome (this is the goal of the Human Genome Project); identify individuals from DNA fragments; determine a person's genotype (genetic makeup) for a variety of traits; and determine someone's individual likelihood to develop certain cancers, respiratory problems, and heart diseases. Gene therapy trials that focus on somatic (body) cells have already begun for several diseases, and many more are being planned. Germ-line therapy (alteration of reproductive cells for the purpose of eliminating defective genes) has been proposed, and has its supporters and opponents. Genetically engineered organisms that perform desirable functions have been releases into the environment. Many other uses for genetic engineering are in developmental stages, and thousands more are being proposed.
These technologies have the power to shape the future of the entire human race. If used responsibly, they can improve the quality of life for millions of people; virtually eliminate genetic disease; vastly reduce the incidence of genetically-influenced diseases such as cancer and heart disease; and drastically reduce the amount of pollution in our environment. If used irresponsibly, they can lead to the development of "designer humans" for military use; allow parents to choose the physical and even mental attributes of their children; add further pollution to the already-taxed environment; and even permit the creation of biological weapons which could decimate the population not only of the target country, but of the entire globe.
The drastic consequences of irresponsible use of biotechnology mean that this technology must be monitored and regulated - virtually everyone agrees on this. The controversy arises when the degree of regulation comes into consideration. Some people want the technology banned altogether, while others want only very loose regulations mainly defined by biotechnology companies. Most people stand somewhere in between these two extreme positions. The "Ethics" series of pages on this site present a sampling of ethical and legal dilemmas raised by biotechnology, and include suggested solutions in the form of "Ethical Principles".
Created by Kate Stafford and Michael Mannor for ThinkQuest.
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