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| The
Contemporary Guitar(1930-present) |
" I have dedicated my life to four essential tasks:
1, to separate the guitar from the mindless folklore type of entertainment
2. to endow it with a repertoire of high quality, made up of works
possessing intrinsic musical value, from the pens of composers
accustomed to writing for orchestra, piano, violin,etc... Assisted
by
professional musicologists, I also dedicate myself to capturing
delightful works written for the vihuela and lute....
3, to make the beauty of the guitar known to the philharmonic public of
the entire world.
4, influencing the authorities at the conservatories, academies and
universities to include the guitar in their instruction programs on the
same basis as the violin, cello, piano".30
The above quote is all
that Andres Segovia had set out to do, and mostly accomplished in his lifetime.
Segovia was born into a musical family in Spain,1893, and was drawn
to the guitar at the young age of ten. He had no real teacher, but
himself and books of past masters. From only this, he developed respect
for the guitar never seen before.
Segovia started
professional recitals at the age of 16 (1909), in Granada. His official
debut in Madrid was in 1912. Not much attention was given, but this
did not discourage him. After Segovia played in Barcelona, a concert
promoter got word of his playing, and booked international tours in South
America(1916), Paris and London (1924), Russia and the rest of Europe(1924-26)
and finally America(1928). This was the start of his world famous international
career.
As Segovia
gained respect as a musician, he began to walk in the circles of great
composers of the day. Composers like Villa-Lobos, Castelnuovo-Tedesco,
and Ponce, were the more popular ones Segovia was able to commission pieces
from at this time. Mario Castelnovo-Tedeco wrote volumes of
music for Segovia. Castelnovo-Tedesco's biggest accomplishment of
works for guitar was the first guitar concerto in the 20th century. "
It is a work that covers a broad range of moods, with its bouncy Allegretto
first movement, the bittersweet Romanza, and the energetic finale that
begins in d minor, but ends triumphantly in D major."31
Ponce was responsible
for many guitar pieces also. " A tremendously versatile craftsman,
Ponce was able to capture the spirit of Shubert Sonata Romantica, 1928,
Sor Sonata Clasica, 1928 and even the Baroque lute composers 'Leopold Sylvius
Weiss Suite32 '". He was also responsible for a guitar concerto,
Concierto del Sur, finished in 1941. and is most respected for his
titanic set of Folias,which include twenty variations(1930).
These works contain an array of tonal colors which the guitar is
capable of performing, from sounds of Bach to flamenco.
Villa-Lobos' introduction
to Segovia was crucial to the progress of the guitar. The Brazilian
composer was very in tune with guitar technique, and articulation of proper
tone. In 1924 Villa-Lobos was commissioned to compose for the
guitar, and by 1929 he wrote the 12 Etudes. Any educated
classical guitarist can describe the importance of these pieces. which
are short, direct and tuneful. If these Etudes are learned properly
and practiced with dedication, one's technique will have to be at the performance
level. Just as Segovia wrote a preface to the Sor etudes, he also
wrote one emphasizing the importance of Villa-Lobos' etudes. Years
later(1940) Villa-Lobos created Cinq Preludes. These pieces are not as
technical as the etudes, but give great fore-sight to how the etudes are
constructed. One would save much time to master the preludes before even
thinking of starting the etudes.
Due to the amount
of information found on Sergovia, one might be fooled to thinking Segovia
was the only virtuoso classical guitarist of his day. The truth
is that there were others of extraordinary talent, Alirio Diaz(b. 1923),
and Agustin Barrios(b.1885).
Barrios
"the most intriguing and enigmatic of the early 20th century guitarists."33
was a prominent guitarist in South America, and received his education
at a Jesuit school where he utilized the guitar in the study of harmony."
His knowledge of harmonic science enabled him to compose in several styles;
baroque, classic romantic and descriptive."34 Barrios wrote in many different
forms, etudes, preludes, waltzes, mazurkas, never limiting himself. " One
can appreciate in Barrios a logical expansion of techniques defined by
masters such as Sor and Tarrega, carried to an even higher level of expressiveness
and technical expertise"35. Among many of the classical guitarists
of today, it is rumored that Segovia was afraid of Barrios' playing style.
When Segovia toured South America in the 1920's it is speculated
that he had met with Barrios, and was amazed by the smoothens of his fretting
hand. This in turn made Segovia's playing more refined.
Competition of technique is not what scared Segovia, it was the type of
music Barrios played. This was not music that was around for generations
and proven of its worth, such as Sor and Bach. Many of the pieces
Barrios played were written by himself and contained a very strong folk
theme. If Barrios had successfully promoted himself and played around
the world, all of the work that Segovia was doing to detach the guitar
from the idea of a folk instrument probably would have been shattered.
Whether Segovia had anything to do with Barrios' inability to world tour
has always been an unsolved mystery for many. It is also odd how the great
volumes of Barrios' music did not get recorded, printed or published until
the late 1970's when Segovia had done all he possibly could do for the
guitar.
Alirio
Diaz was in a comparable position to Barrios. Diaz loved and promoted
the music of Antonio Lauro. Lauro's compositions were injected with
a heavy dose of Latin American influences. Diaz started studies with
Segovia in 1945. Segovia's approach to a musical was one of Romantic
interpretation, Diaz however opted for a very strict, precise interpretation
of what was written. Diaz had success with many European tours with
the public, but is thought of as a man obsessed by exacting technique by
students of the classical guitar.
In the year 1947 the
second most important invention to the classical guitar was introduced,
the nylon string. Before this time players were forced to use treble
strings made of catgut, and metal wound silk for bass strings, which would
be subject to the environment. If a concert hall was too hot, cold
or damp, the strings would not respond well at all. The nylon string
introduced by Albert Augustine and the Du Pont Chemical Company solved
most problems of gut strings, they would stay consistent in almost
all situations. The same strings that were perfected for Segovia
are still available, Augustine Blue's.
The guitar today is
in the limelight thanks to its many predecessors. Many
people are quite aware of the virtuostic capabilities the guitar holds.
The concert classical guitarist of today is capable of musicality not dreamed
of by yesterdays players. Eliot Fisk, John Williams, Julian Bream, Sharon
Isbin, Benjamin Verdery, Manuel Barrueco, the list could go on for pages,
are players of incredible talents. Some are more inclined in the
technical aspects of exactness, while others are more into the romantic
style of interpretation. The music that is being covered today by
guitarists ranges from the toughest material ever written, Paganini's 24
Caprices played by Fisk, to Greek ethnic music , Dimitri Fampas.
There are also a wealth of concertos available to the modern guitarist,
Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez is the most performed guitar concerto
and considered standard repertoire. The guitar has been established
as a professional instrument to the degree were no matter what other type
of music is played upon its strings, its reputation for a potential of
virtuosity can not be denied.
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