- Anaphase - phase of mitosis in which the
chromosomes begin to pull to opposite poles of the cell
- Abiogenesis - spontaneous generation, nonliving matter
yielding life
- Animal - kingdom composed of multicellular organisms
divided into two divisions: vertebrates and invertebrates, who obtain their food from external
sources and reproduce sexually or asexually
- Asexual - a type of reproduction that does not
require the union of female and male gametes
- Biogenesis - the concept that all life arises
from living matter
- Cell - the smallest unit of life that carries out its
own processes
- Cellulose - a carbohydrate that is found in cell
walls
- Cell wall - multi-layered, sturdy structure
composed of cellulose that provides plants and other organisms with their rigidity
- Centrioles - essential tubular organelles
found near the nucleus in pairs that aid in cellular division
- Chlorophyll - the green material found in
chloroplasts that is active in photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts - membrane-bound organelles
containing chlorophyll that is found in photosynthetic organisms
- Chromosomes - condensed form of chromatin
visible during cellular division
- Cytoplasm - collective term for cytosol and
all the organelles contained in it (outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane)
- Cytoskeleton - network of microtubules
that support and give structure to cell while aiding in intracellular transport
- Cytosol - jelly-like material that contains
the organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
- DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid is the
double-helix molecule holding the genetic information of organisms that, along with protein,
composes the chromatin
- Endoplasmic reticulum - the cell's highway
transport system composed of tubes and membranes connected to the nuclear membrane and extending
through the cytoplasm that is also utilized for storing and separating
- Enzyme - a protein utilized in chemical
reactions
- Eukaryotes - advanced cell type with a nuclear
membrane surrounding genetic material and numerous membrane-bound organelles dispersed in
a complex cellular structure
- Flagellum - an extension on many unicellular
organisms that enables movement through whip-like motions
- Fungi - kingdom in which organisms may be unicellular or
multicellular, obtain their food from external sources, and reproduce sexual or asexually
- Golgi apparatus - multi-layered organelle
near the nucleus used for packaging of materials to be transported out of the cell
- Interphase - time period between cellular
divisions in which cellular processes such as protein synthesis are carried out
- Lysosomes - the digestive plants of
food for the cell, changes shape from task to task
- Meiosis - cellular division that yields four gametes
through two cellular divisions
- Metaphase - phase of mitosis in which the
chromosome pairs line up at the equator of the cell
- Mitochondria - genetically independent
organelles that produce energy for the cells along their many internal folds, called
cristae
- Mitosis - cellular division that yields two identical
cells from one cell through a five-step process
- Moneran - simplest kingdom containing prokaryotic
cells (mostly bacteria), some of which can create their own food
- Nuclear membrane - membrane surrounding the
nucleus that is covered with pores and controls nuclear traffic
- Nucleolus - spherical structure within
the nucleus that contains RNA
- Nucleus - spherical organelle that is the
cell's control center
- Phagocyte - collective term for cells that
engulf other cells or microorganisms
- Plant - kingdom containing a variety of multicellular
organelles that reproduce sexually or asexually, and also carry out photosynthesis
- Plasma membrane - outer membrane of cells
composed of proteins and a phospholipid bi-layer that controls cellular traffic
- Plastid - vital organelle that aids in the metabolism of unicellular
organisms and plant cells (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts are examples)
- Prokaryotes - primitive cell type that lacks a
nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles
- Protein - a complex molecule found in numerous
cellular structures that is composed of amino acids
- Protist cell - kingdom containing organisms with
eukaryotic cells that are unicellular and multicellular and reproduce sexually and
asexually
- Prophase - phase of mitosis in which the
chromatin duplicates itself and thickens into chromosomes, the spindle fibers form, and
the nuclear membrane disintegrates
- Ribosomes - extremely small grain-like
organelle that provides the sites for protein synthesis (they may be free in the cytoplasm
or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum)
- RNA - ribonucleic acid, a molecule
that is a necessary component of the protein synthesis process
- Sexual - reproduction involving the union
of female and male gametes to form a zygote
- Spontaneous generation - abiogenesis, the creation of life
from nonliving material
- Telophase - phase of mitosis in which the
chromosome pairs have separated and reached opposite poles of the cell as the spindle begins
to disintegrate, the nuclear membrane reappears, and the cytoplasm begins to divide
- Vacuoles - membrane-bound organelles in the
cytoplasm that are used for storage and digestion
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