Connections with the literary tradition.

What is Milosz's attitude towards the literary tradition? It is differentiated. The traditions of classicism are close to him, whereas he is against the avantgarde, although his debutantes poems were created under its influence.

Against the avantgarde
In Poland, the most popular avantgarde group in the period between the 1st and the 2st World War. was the Cracow Avantgarde. Tadeusz Peiper was its theoretician, whereas Julian Przybos - its most interesting poet.
The Cracow Avantgarde Programme:
- art should describe the changing reality, the development of civilization,
- break with metaphysics
- break with sentimentalism - the frigidness of feelings
- poetry - it is the constructio of beautiful sentences
- use of abbreviations
- inntellectual metaphors - forcing readers to use imagination
In Milosz's poetry one may find a lot of evidence confirming his aversion to the avantgarde. In „Preface" to „Treatise on Poetry" he writes:"And it should contain more than images".
Milosz thinks that art cannot concentrate on itself, cannot focus on aesthetical values, because in his opinion - the duty of art is serving the truth. That is why his turn to classicism seems to be natural.

Classicism

The present-day neo-classicism is characterized by its connections with the tradition (the Mediterranean culture tradition), with rationalism and stoicism, by the search for the ideal model of human being whereas, as for as form is concerned: by the intentional and careful use of language means;

Milosz, while looking for the ways of expressing the truth and of reading the reaer, uses classical means of expression: intellectualization of work, irony, clearness and precision of language, logic of syntax, 9-syllable, 11-syllable and 13-syllable verse

Wlodzimerz Maciag, a recognised Polish critic, so describes the idea behind the poem:

“ ...it is the eternal struggle between the individual human being and overwhelming history. This time the former has lost.”

„Preface" (Treatise on Poetry)

First, plain speech in the mother tongue.
Hearing it, you should be able to see
Apple trees, a river, the bend of a road,
As if in a flash of summer lightning.

And it should contain more than images.
It has been lured by singsong,
A daydream, melody. Defenseless,
It was bypassed by the sharp, dry world.

You often ask yourself why you feel shame
Whenever you look through a book of poetry.
As if the author, for reasons unclear to you,
Addressed the worse side of your nature,
Pushing aside thought, cheating thought.

Seasoned with jokes, clowning, satire,
Poetry still knows how to please.
Then its excellence is much admired.
But the grave combats where life is at stake
Are fought in prose. It was not always so.

And our regret has remained unconfessed.
Novels and essays serve but will not last.
One clear stanza can take more weight
Than a whole wagon of elaborate prose.

The best examples of this technique are poems from the series „A Naive Poem" but one may find the suitable poetical illustrations in all the Nobelist's output. Lets us have a closer look the poem:

„Incantation" (City without a Name)

Human reason is beautiful and invincible.
No bars, no barbed wire, no pulping of books,
No sentence of banishment can prevail against it.
It establishes the universal ideas in language,
And guides our hand so we write Truth and Justice
With capital letters, lie and oppression with small.
It puts what should be above things as they are,
Is an enemy of despair and a friend of hope.
It does not know Jew from Greek or slave from master,
Giving us the estate of the world to manage.
It saves austere and transparent phrases
From the filthy discord of tortured words.
It says that everything is new under the sun,
Opens the congealed fist of the past.
Beautiful and very young are Philo-Sophia
And poetry, her ally in the service of the good.
As late as yesterday Nature celebrated their birth,
The news was brought to the mountains by a unicorn and an echo.
Their friendship will be glorious, their time has no limit.
Their enemies have delivered themselves to destruction.

Berkeley 1968

The whole poem is a pathetic ode in honour of Reason. The function of te first verse is thesis: human Reason is the cause of both good and avil. The rest of verses (although not all of them) contend this opinion. So, one can find out that: thanks to Reason tolerance exists in the world, it is possible to distingish good from evil. It is Reason which consolidates hope and thanks to it the allience of good and truth is created. But in one moment the problem arises: if the world is governed by Reason, why are in the second verse „pulping of books" or „basbed wire mentioned"?

After all, this is against Reason; besides the most ecent history of Europe and the world is commonly known, that is why it is not the secret that such things take place even today.

So, is Milosz - the truth searcher, the advocate of truth in poetry - giving the reins to his iagination? Is he lying? And here the title is very helpful: „Incantation" - it explains everything.- Because the world of e poem is intentional, whereas the lyrical subject knows that violence and contempt win in the world and Enlightenment ideas, ideas of classicism exist are still in the sphere of dreams, sentences, letters.

The attachment of his poem to classicism is very vivid:

- clear, precise speaking
- form - ode
- avoiding incomprehensible meaphors
- mentioning the values which ae considered to be the most important in the European culture