Action ¨ To express actions and events that are going to happen in the near
future, Spanish speakers use the constructon [ir + infinative]. ¨ To express actions and events that just happened, Spanish speakers
use the constructon [acabar de + infinative]. ¨ Certain verbs may be followed by infinatives according to the patterns. ¨ Reflexive verbs are conjugated with reflexive pronouns that represent
the same person as the subject. Yo me ¨ They are used to indicate that the subject is performing the action
on or for himself. ¨ They are often used to express a change in physical, mental, or
social conditon. In English, this is expressed by verbs such as to get,
to be getting, to become, to be growing.
Subjunctive ¨ The subjunctive is used after impersonal expressions that convey
an implied command (es necesario que ...), an opinion, or a judgment (es
bueno que ...).
Mandatos Negative ¨ The affirmative tú form of the imperative is the same as
the él form of the present indicitive, with the following exceptions. ¨ The Ud., Uds., and nosotros forms of the imperative are the same
in the affirmative and negative. ¨ In affirmative commands, reflexive pronouns came after the verb
and are attached to it. In negative commands they come before the verb.
Por and Para ¨ Para and por are prepositions that have distinct uses. Para may express: ¨ a destination ¨ a purpose, goal, or objective a point in time ¨ a point of view ¨ a point of reference or comparison Por may express: ¨ approximate time or duration. ¨ manner or means ¨ movement ¨ exchange ¨ cause, motivation, or benefit ¨ agent or cause of an action ¨ Por is also used in certain expressions.
Pretérito -ar -er,-ir ¨ Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in
the yo form of the preterite so as to preserve the sound of the the stem. ¨ In the preterite, dar and ver take the endings of the -er and -ir
verbs. Note that there is no accent mark inthe yo and él form of
these verbs.
Alguno y Ninguno · The personal a is required with alguien, nadie, alguno and ninguno
when those words are used as direct objects. · When used in a question, jamás corresponds to ever. · Tampoco is used to express agreement with negative statments.
Compare the use od también and tampoco. · Two or more negative words may be used in a Spanish sentence.
When the negative words come before and after the verb, no is not used.
When both negative words come after the verb, no is used. · Pero is used instead od sino if there ins no direct contradiction
between the two parts of the sentence. · Sino que is used instead of sino to connect two contradictionory
clauses.
El imperfecto -ar -er, -ir ir iba ibas iba íbamos íban hay is había
El uso del imperfecto y del pretérito ¨ In general, the imperfect is used to describe ongoing or habitual
actions, ot time, weather, age, feelings, beliefs, emotional states, and
appearance. ¨ In general, the preterite is used to describe specific actions
that occurred at a point in time or during a certain period and that were
completed.
Los pronombres ¨ Con + mí and con+ti become conmigo ans contigo, respectively. ¨ Both subject pronouns andprepostional pronouns can be reinforced
by mismo(a). This is frequently the case when the preositional pronoun represents
the same person as the subject. Directo e indirecto Lo veo. I see him. ¨ Some verbs that take an indirect object in English take a direct
object in Spanish. ¨ Indirect object pronouns are often used in sentences in which the
direct object is a part of the body or a personal possession. Compare Spanish
and English usage. ¨ For emphasis or precision, the expressions a mí, a ti, and
so on are often used together with an indirect object pronouns. ¨ The nueter direct object pronoun lo often replaces a phrase or
sentence. Lo is often the equivalent of the Englsh it, so, that. ¨ Object pronouns, including reflexive pronouns, usually come befroe
the verb. ¨ When the verb is in the affirmative imperative, the object pronouns
come after the verb and are attached to it. ¨ In sentences containing two objects pronouns, the sequence is: ¨ Se replaces le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la,
los, las. ¨ Verbs like gustar are often used according to the pattern: ¨ In such constructions, the verb agrees with the subject and con
be in any tense or mood. ¨ Some verbs like gustar can be followed by an infinative. In such
cases the verb is in the singular. ¨ The sunjunctive is used after verbs and phrases that express feelings and emotions, such as happiness, regret, surprise, fear, anger, and pride. ¨ When the feeling or emotion concerns the action of the subject
itself, an infinitive construction is used.
El uso del subjuntivo con expresiones de duda ¨ The indicative is used after verbs or expressions of certainty. ¨ The subjunctive is used after verbs or expressions of doubt and uncertainty. ¨ Many verbs like pensar, opinar, creer, estar seguro and expressions like es cierto, es verdad, are used to convey belief, knowledge, of ciction of certain facts, and are followed by the indicative. ¨ When used in the negative these verbs and expressions usually convey
an element of doubt or uncertainty. In such cases, they are followed by
the subjunctive. ¨ When used in interrogative, these verbs and expressions may or
may not imply doubt.
El uso del subjuntivo después de un pronombre relativo ¨ The indicative is used to refer to people or things whose existence
is certain. ¨ The personal a is omitted before a noun referring to a person whose
existence is uncertain.
El presente perfecto del subjuntivo haya Siento que estés enfermo. Im sad that you are sick. ¨ The present perfect subjunctive is used instead of the present subjunctive to refer to past events or situations.
El uso del artículo como sustantivo ¨ Compare the use of the definite article in the following sentences. "el" + noun "el" used as a noun ¨ The definite article can be used to replace a non that has already been expressed. The most common patterns are: el (la, los, las) + adjective ¨ The indefinite article can be used n similar constructions. Note that uno (and not un) is used to replace a masculine singular noun. Felpe se prueba un pantalón.
El adjetivo y pronombre interrogativo ¿cuál? ¨ The interrogative expression ¿cuál? can be used as an adjective or as a pronoun. Adjective: introducing a noun Pronoun: Replacing a noun ¨ In current usage, the interrogative adjective ¿qué? is used rather than ¿cuál? to introduce a noun. ¿Qué color prefieres? Which color do you prefer? Los adjectivos y pronombres demostrativos ¨ Demonstrative adjectives (this, that) introduce nouns. Demonstrative pronouns (this one, that one) replace nouns. ¿Te gustan aquellos muebles? ¿Te gustan más aquéllos? Adjective Pronoun ¨ Demonstrative pronouns differ from demonstrative adjectives in that they have an accent mark on the stressed syllable. ¨ Este refers to what is near to the speaker. Ese refers to what is near th person who is being adressed. Aquel refers to what is destant from or the person being addressed.
Los adjectivos y pronombres posesivos yo mi mío(a) mío(a) ¨ Plural forms are obtained by adding an -s to the singular form. Tus zapatos son negros. Los míos son amarillos. ¨ Possessive pronouns are formed as follows: definite article + stressed possessive adjective ¨ Possessive adjective (my, your . . .) introduce nouns. Possessive pronouns (mine, yours.) replace nouns. Mi coche es amarillo. El mío es amarillo. (Mine is yellow) ¨ Stressed possessive adjecives always follow the noun. They are used to reinforce the idea of possesstion or relationship, and correspond to the English expressions of mine, of yours, etc. Un amigo mío vie aquí. A friend of mine lives here. ¨ Stressed possessive adjectives can also be used alone afer ser. El abrigo es mío. The coat is mine.
Las comparaciones + más . . . que more . . . than ¨ Comparative constructions with adverbs follow the same pattern. Alicia se viste tan (más, menos) elegantemente como (que) su hermana. ¨ The following adjectives and adverbs can also be formed with nouns. However, tan becomes tanto and agrees with the noun it introduces. Compare: Marcos es tan rico como Paco. Tiene tanto dinero como él. ¨ The following adjectives and adverbs have irreguilar comparative form: bueno> mejor Este restaurante es mejor que ése. malo> peor Una "F" es peor que una "D".
El superlativo más the most intelligent, smartest in ¨ Some adjectives have an irregular superlative form. bueno -- good mejor -- best Enrique es el mejor atletas de la clase, ¨ In superlative constructions, the defnite article may be replaced by a possessive adjective. Cristina es la mejor amiga de Clara. ¨ In a superlative construction, the position of the adjective (before or after the noun) usually remains the same as in a simple construction. Madrid es una ciudad grande. Es la ciudad más grande de España. ¨ Adverbs can be used in superlative constructions according to the pattern: más o menos + adverb ¨ Nouns can be used in superlative constructions according to the pattern: más o menos + noun
Future -é Furture stem + Future endings · All verbs have the same set of future endings. · A few verbs have irregular future stems. Note that all future stems end in the consonant r. poder podr- venir vendr- haber habr- · In Spanish, as in English, the future is used to express the result of a suppostion which concerns the future. It describes what will happen if a certain condition is met. Si el autobús no llega, tomaremos un taxi. If the bus doesnt come, we will take a taxi. · The future is sometimes used to wonder about the present. ¿Qué hora será? I wonder what time it is?
Conditional -ía future stem + conditional endings · The conditional endngs are the same for all all verbs. · The conditional is often used to express what would happen if a certain condition were met. Con más dinero, With more money, I would buy a The conditional is used to wonder a bout the past. ¿Qué hora sería? I wonder what time it was.
Pluperfect había hablado Imperfect of haber + past participle · In Spanish, the pluperfect is used to describe what had happened. Este verano fuimos a Mexico. This summer we went to Mexico. · The pluperfect is used in indirect speech when the declarative verb is in the past tense. El altoparlante anuncia The loudspeaker is announcing that
Future perfect habré hablado future of haber + past participle · The future perfect is used to express what will have happened. El avión aterrizará pronto. The plane will land soon. · The future perfect is sometimes used to express a guess about what may have happened. Andrés llegó con retraso. Andrés arrived late. |