Cultural life, intellectual and scientific in Pharaonic Egypt

 Arts

Architecture
Houses: The ancient Egyptians built houses of brick, consisting of a single storey or two, and the eternity and the doctrine of immortality made the attention of the ancient Egyptians to build the graves as a house of eternity.
Cemeteries: Sculpture in the modern state veterans cemeteries in the rocks west of the mountains "Theba" ( "the Valley of the Kings").

The cemetery was the first hole is placed under the surface of the Earth where the Dead, and covered with dust. Evolved into the pit room or two rooms beneath the surface of the earth are built from the brick and has a lead it. And then evolved into a room under the terrace above the Earth's surface on the surface of the earth. And then evolved into a pyramid is made up of several terraces, each smaller than those below it. And then evolved into a full pyramid.

Temples

Temples are divided into two sections:
The great temples: the worship of the god in the "Theba" ( "Amon"), including the Temple of Karnak, which is the largest house of worship in the world and the Temple of Luxor.
Smaller temples: the funeral to be held by the practice of religion and the Pharaoh's funeral rites, especially priests and the people of Pharaoh, for example, the Temple of "Hatshepsut" "Maritime monastery," and Temple "Alrmseyoum" built by "Ramses II".

sculpture, painting and photography
Ancient Egyptians excelled in the sculpture Obelisks high altitude, and in drawing and engraving, and photography on the walls and then colors.

Obelisk of Luxor, which offered by Egypt to France now stands proud in the middle of the Place de la Concorde in the heart of Paris to witness the magnificence of the pharaohs

Writing

It is not reasonable to talk about writing without mentioning papyrus used by ancient Egyptians since the dawn of history, we have found, however, a freak hail package written in a cemetery dating back to around the year 300 BC. M. Since ancient times, Egypt has also begun to export to countries papyrus near the civilized world, where memories of Amoun  around 1100 BC. M. That during his trip to take with him Phenicia about 500 parcels a freak hail. The documents assure us that the Middle East has been used ink and papyrus instead of cuneiform writing on clay, starting from the eighth century BC. M.
And bulrush grow in the south of the delta in the deep waters, along root more than four arms, the leg of the triangle of height ten arms, with a crown of little useless, and has no fruit. "
 
Papyrus used in the manufacture of small boats, limited to chains, ropes and paper industry.

Egyptians first invented writing, before the era of reunification of the country, helped to registration of the manifestations of their political, religious, cultural and economic development, Through the pictures, each picture shows a specific word, and called the writing of this "hieroglyphic," and was used on the walls of temples, paintings and stone and wood, which is written from top to bottom or vice versa, and from right to left or vice versa. This hieroglyphic writing used in the registration of religious texts, and also known as the "Bible Line".

Then a sort of simplified writing called "Alheiratiqic" (i.e., the line of the clergy), and the books used in religious and literary texts in the era of the Central State.
Finally, finally appeared the writing (i.e. writing the People) that was used in all aspects of life, and spread in the late-medieval, and modern Ptolemaic and Romans.

. Types of Ancient Egyptian literature

Ancient Egyptians recorded literature, which portrayed all aspects of life, such as::

Religious literature: This deals with religious beliefs, theories about life after death, eternity, creation of the universe, gods and myths of religion. Such as: the texts of the pyramid, "Unas" in "Sakara", which recorded some of the walls of the pyramids to be of assistance to the dead in the other life, a book of the dead is a religious writings written on papyrus and placed with the dead to help him and protect him from hell, as well as religious myths such as "Isis" and "Osiris" which illustrates the conflict of right and justice with injustice and falsehood.

Story literature: the ancient Egyptians excelled in writing stories like the story of "Snohy" and the fictional story of the drowned navigator.
Literature of advice: for example, proverbs, advice and tips, such as wills Hakim "Betah Hotob" in old Kingdom, and wise advice, "Any" in Modern Kingdom.
Literature and praise: The aim of the glorification of heroic kings and to pay tribute to them and their favour.

Snohy story (Story of the literature, a true story) .
The story revolves around the leader "Snohy" Army Commander King "Omnmhat I" in the middle, have fled when he heard the death of the King, took the crown prince "Snosart" The verdict was "Snohy" enemy. The "Snohy" to one of the Sheikhs of the Bedouin in Palestine, married eldest daughter, enraging the neighbours, "Snohy," A boy asked of them fighting,  "Snohy" win and spent it. Under the "Snohy" in Palestine until it became a sheikh, and the longing for the homeland, Pharaoh of Egypt, to become aware of the Pharaoh "Snohy," and had to honor him in the minors

The drowned Navigator (Story of the literature, a Fictional story) .

Waterman tells the story of the drowned navigator that survived a severe storm sank the ship, got on the island, and the search for food, a snake arm length 300, narrated what happened to him, the Egyptian and lived on the island a month, and with an Egyptian boat, carry it to Egypt, after this and arduous journey from the horrors.

The myth of Isis and Osiris.

According to the myth: the god of the earth and the sky god of the couple were born two sons, namely: "Osiris," and "set", and two daughters are the "Isis" and "Naftis," married "Osiris" sister of "Isis", and married a "six" of his sister, "Naftis "The rule of" Osiris "a fair verdict, I love people, and the" set "was frowned upon evil, a hatred for his brother" Osiris "and take the conspiracies plotted to get rid of it. "Set" has invited the party to the gods, including "Osiris," and said, "set" to the guests that he had prepared a coffin adorned with precious stones, will be of the size of his body, and the "set" was the coffin-making to suit the body of his brother, "Osiris."
Each one sleeps in the coffin to see if the size of his body to win, even the role of "Osiris," and when he entered "Osiris," quick "set" and his coffin, locked it, and threw him into the Nile, and learned to "Isis", including happened to her husband, deeply saddened and are looking for, even found the place and took the body with them to Egypt where he has hidden in the jungles of the Delta, and are praying to God that is her husband's life.
God responded to the call of "Isis", and life returned to "Osiris", but "set" the evil was able to find his brother, and tore his body and delivered their parts in the various regions of Egypt.
But the "Horus" son of "Isis" revenge of the "set" and fought him and defeated him, but "Osiris" has become the god of the dead after he refused to return to this world of evil.

 Science
Recent disclosures have proved that the ancient Egyptians had science on the basis of the experience and expertise, and systematic research, science is the most important of these:

Astronomy and calculation of time
The religion and the ancient Egyptian's life coupled with the greatest impact in the development of astronomy, and the priests, "Heliopolis" was the first to obtain a study of astronomy, and have come to know many of the positions of the stars and planets. The ancient Egyptians invented the solar calendar (based on the sun), and divided the year into twelve months, each of thirty days, bringing the number of days, 360 days a year, leaving another five days each year,  as General chapters divided into three chapters, and also the machines used to measure the hours of day and night.

Engineering and mathematics
Ancient Egyptians know mathematics and its rules, they used collection, Subtraction, division, multiplication and reached  to know fractions, anyone can be estimated that the implementation of pyramids was based on the principles of engineering. The ancient Egyptians knew the area of the square and rectangle, and used the account to know the area of agricultural land and crop assessment, the degree of increase or decrease in the Nile River, and the registration of the salaries of civil servants and soldiers. The units of measurement of land area foot and arm.

Medicine and mummification:

The Ancient Egyptians knew a lot about the human body, diseases and methods of treatment, there has been medical doctors and specialists for internal diseases, eye and dental surgery. The ancient Egyptians excelled in mummification, and not evidence of their skills to some of the bodies of the pharaohs are still retains the Appearance and shapes ,despite the passage of thousands of years. Among the most famous Egyptian doctors "Iimahotb" who lived in the family of three.

Chemistry:

The Egyptians knew the first of chemistry, industry in various colours and dyes, also excelled in the manufacture of drugs and medicines from the grass plant, as well as in the preparation of the necessary chemicals for mummification.