| administration | the function of a political state in exercising its governmental duties. |
| agriculture | the production of crops, livestock, or poultry. |
| biological | related by blood or genetic lineage. |
| civilization | an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. |
| culture | the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. |
| ecological | the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms. |
| emergence | the act or process of emerging. |
| empires | a political unit having an extensive territory or comprising a number of territories or nations and ruled by a single supreme authority. |
| Euphrates | a river in SW Asia. |
| Eurocentric | considering Europe and Europeans as focal to world culture, history, economics. |
| excel | to surpass others or be superior in some respect or area; do extremely well. |
| foreign | belonging to or coming from another district, province, etc. |
| geographical | of or pertaining to the natural features, population, industries, etc., of a region or regions. |
| government | the form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is governed. |
| historical | based on or reconstructed from an event, custom, style, etc., in the past. |
| instability | the quality or state of being unstable; lack of stability or firmness. |
| insurgency | rebellion within a group, as by members against leaders. |
| labour | the body of persons engaged in such activity, esp. those working for wages. |
| language | the means of communication used by humans. |
| literature | the writings dealing with a particular subject. |
| Mesopotamia | an ancient region in W Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers: now part of Iraq. |
| nuclear | pertaining to or involving atomic weapons. |
| period | a round of time or series of years by which time is measured. |
| Periodic | recurring at equal intervals of time. |
| population | the total number of persons inhabiting a country, city, or any district or area. |
| preemptive | taken as a measure against something possible, anticipated, or feared; preventive; deterrent. |
| region | a district without respect to boundaries or extent. |
| revolution | a sudden, complete or marked change in something. |
| sanctions | a penalty, specified or in the form of moral pressure, that acts to ensure compliance or conformity. |
| sectarianism | adhering or confined to the dogmatic limits of a sect or denomination; partisan. |
| social | living or disposed to live in companionship with others or in a community, rather than in isolation. |
| societies | a body of individuals living as members of a community; community. |
| temples | a building dedicated to religious ceremonies or worship. |
| terrorism | the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, esp. for political purposes. |
| trained | to coach in or accustom to a mode of behavior or performance. |
| translated | to change the form, condition, nature, etc., of; transform; convert. |
| war | a state or period of armed hostility or active military operations. |