Glossary and References!
Glossary
Beats: The basic time unit in a piece of music
Chromatic Scale: Scale of all 12 tones in an octave (every key on the piano)
Counterpoint: A style of composition in which 2 or more melodies are combined in a harmonically pleasing way
Diatonic Scale: Scale of 7 tones for optimum consonance in the octave
Dissonance: A musical chord which clashes (not always pleasing to the ear)
Dodecaphony: A.K.A 12-tone technique. Technique which ensures all 12 notes of a chromatic scale is sounded to prevent emphasis on any one.
Enharmonic: Notes written differently but that sounds the same in a scale
Equal Temperament: A system of tuning in which every pair of adjacent notes has an identical frequency ratio
Half step: A musical interval = 1/12 of an octave
Key: Identifies the type of scale which will be used in the piece
Measure: A bar of written music
Musical Temperament: A system of tuning
Octave: an interval of 8 full tones between one note and its closest equivalent, halves the frequency of a note if finding octave above or doubles frequency if finding octave below
Perfect Fifth: The most stable interval of an octave
Perfect Fourth: A musical interval which spans 4 diatonic scales
Phrasing: way a composition creates tension and how it resolves such tension using musical statements, smaller statements can be brought together to make bigger ones
Pitch Class: A set of all pitches a whole octave apart
Poly rhythms: Use of different meters among simultaneous musical lines
Rhythm: Variation in the length and sound of notes
Semitone: The tone of a half step
Staff: The horizontal lines where music is written
Bibliography
Backus, John (1969). The Acoustic Foundations of Music. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Berg, Richard E., and Stork, David G. (1982). The Physics of Sound. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Clough, J., & Conley, J. (1983). Scales, Intervals, Keys, Triads, Rhythm, and Meter. New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
Copland, Aaron (1957). What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company
Devoto, Mark (1987). Harmony. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
Donington, R. (1982). Baroque music: Style and Performance Handbook. New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
Evans, R. (1978). How to read music: for singing, guitar, piano, organ and most instruments. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.
Garden, N. (1989). Bloomsbury Good Music Guide. Great Britain: Cox & Wyman Ltd. Reading.
Harris, R. (1991). What to Listen for in Mozart. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Jourdain, R. (1997). Music, The Brain, and Ecstasy. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
O'Neill, M., and Pauley, R. G. trans. (1988). Baroque Music Today: Music as speech, ways to a new understanding of music. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press.
Rushton, J. (1986). Classical Music: A concise history from Gluck to Beethoven. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
Nave, C.R. (2005). Equal Temperament. HyperPhysics. http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~suits/notefreqs.html
Pedersen, Noralv. (March 16, 2008). Music is also mathematics. http://www.ntnu.no/gemini/2000-06e/32-34.htm
Pilich, Lee. (February 29, 2008). Pythagorean Tuning. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning
Suits, B.H. (1998). Frequencies for equal-tempered scale. Physics of Music – Notes. http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~suits/notefreqs.html
Worrall, David. (August 28, 2002). Construction of the Pythagorean Diatonic Scale. The Physics and Psychophysics of Sound and Music. http://www.avatar.com.au/courses/PPofM/scales/scales3.html
Image References
Bach, J. S. [Photograph]. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from 8.notes Biographies Online: http://www.8notes.com/wiki/images/250px-JSBach.jpg
Stravinsky, Igor. [Photograph]. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-96974
Debussy, C. [Photograph]. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from Classical Music Pages. w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/debussy.html
Mozart, W.A. [Photograph]. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from The Music of Freemasonry Pages. www.masonmusic.org/mozart.html