Minerals
a mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes. Minerals may be classified according to chemical composition. They are here categorized by anion group. The list below is in approximate order of their abundance in the Earth's crust. The list follows the Dana classification system.
Classes
| Silicate class |
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The largest group of minerals by far are the silicates (most rocks are >95% silicates), which are composed largely of silicon and oxygen, with the addition of ions such as aluminium, magnesium, iron, and calcium. Some important rock-forming silicates include the feldspars, quartz, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets, and micas. |
| Carbonate class |
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The carbonate minerals consist of those minerals containing the anion and include calcite and aragonite, dolomite and siderite. Carbonates are commonly deposited in marine settings when the shells of dead planktonic life settle and accumulate on the sea floor. Carbonates are also found in evaporitic settings and also in karst regions, where the dissolution and reprecipitation of carbonates leads to the formation of caves, stalactites and stalagmites. The carbonate class also includes the nitrate and borate minerals. |
| Halide class |
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Sulfates all contain the sulfate anion. Sulfates commonly form in evaporitic settings where highly saline waters slowly evaporate, allowing the formation of both sulfates and halides at the water-sediment interface. Sulfates also occur in hydrothermal vein systems as gangue minerals along with sulfide ore minerals. Another occurrence is as secondary oxidation products of original sulfide minerals. Common sulfates include anhydrite, celestine, barite, and gypsum. The sulfate class also includes the chromate, molybdate, selenate, sulfite, tellurate, and tungstate minerals. |
| Oxide class |
Oxides are extremely important in mining as they form many of the ores from which valuable metals can be extracted. They also carry the best record of changes in the Earth's magnetic field. They commonly occur as precipitates close to the Earth's surface, oxidation products of other minerals in the near surface weathering zone, and as accessory minerals in igneous rocks of the crust and mantle. Common oxides include hematite, magnetite, chromite, spinel, ilmenite, rutile, and ice. The oxide class includes the oxide and the hydroxide minerals. |
| Sulfide class |
Many sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores. Common sulfides include pyrite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, and galena. The sulfide class also includes the selenides, the tellurides, the arsenides, the antimonides, the bismuthinides, and the sulfosalts. |
| Phosphate class |
The phosphate mineral group actually includes any mineral with a tetrahedral unit A04 where A can be phosphorus, antimony, arsenic or vanadium. By far the most common phosphate is apatite which is an important biological mineral found in teeth and bones of many animals. The phosphate class includes the phosphate, arsenate, vanadate, and antimonate minerals. |
| Element class |
The Elemental group includes metals and intermetallic elements, semi-metals and non-metals. This group also includes natural alloys, such as electrum, phosphides, silicides, nitrides and carbides. |
| Organic class |
The organic mineral class includes biogenic substances in which geological processes have been a part of the genesis or origin of the existing compound. |
| Metallic luster | Nonmetallic luster |
|---|---|
| Bornite | Azurite |
| Chalcopyrite | Cinnabar |
| Copper | Fluorite |
| Galena | Gypsum |
| Gold | Malachite |
| Graphite | Muscovite |
| Magnetite | Potassium feldspar |
| Pyrite | Quartz |
| Pyrrhotite | Rhodochrosite |
| Rutile | Sulfur |
| Silver | Talc |
| Stibnite | Wulfenite |