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s[0] = "Download Site^download.html0000^You can view the site offline by downloading a ZIP file containing our entire website. Instructions & DownloadHideShowThe first step is to have a decompression utility installed on your ...^Download Site You can view the site offline by downloading a ZIP file containing our entire website. Instructions & DownloadHideShowThe first step is to have a decompression utility installed on your computer such as WinZIP or WinRAR that is capable of handling ZIP files.Then, you must download the ZIP file: Download The WebsiteOpen the zip file using the utility installed on your computer and extract all the files in an empty folder on your computerOnce complete, open the folder using your file manager and open the file called 'index.html' to begin using the site offline.Note: Please make sure you read the Terms of UsePage Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[1] = "Welcome!^home.html0000^Ever wondered why your iPod is not able to play music downloaded from Connect? Ever asked why some movies cannot be played for the second time? Out of all your music CD collections, many may ...^Welcome!Ever wondered why your iPod is not able to play music downloaded from Connect? Ever asked why some movies cannot be played for the second time? Out of all your music CD collections, many may actually be copy-protected without your knowledge. Many conveniently overlook these problems. Not many realize that Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology is at play restricting the usage of certain copyrighted materials. While many may have not heard of the term, DRM is surely and insidiously affecting our digital lives.What is DRM?HideShow Technically speaking, Digital Rights Management (DRM) describes a range of technologies used to control the distribution and access to digital information, typically mass media content (e.g. books, music, movies), software or data files (e.g. documents, spreadsheets, databases). 'Digital rights management (DRM) is the umbrella term referring to any of several technical methods used to handle the description, layering, analysis, valuation, trading and monitoring of the rights held over a digital work. In the widest possible sense, the term refers to any such management.' DRM is therefore the general term used to represent the process of controlling and managing rights (e.g claims, copyrights) over any form of digital work and media. Examples include the technological measures used by record companies to prevent music CDs bought from being 'ripped', or to determine how many people have viewed a media file, in order to collect statistics and/or royalties. Read more in Introduction >ScopeHideShow This site introduces users to DRM, its current technologies and uses, the debate raging for and against DRM, case studies and interviews, with the objective to allow you to make a well-informed choice as to whether you are for or against DRM. You will also discover the do's and don'ts of intellectual property rights and be able to access interactive games to make your learning engaging and interesting. Finally, if you wish to promote the awareness of DRM, you may make use of our concise and informative AJAX-S educational presentation. The site comprises five sections: Introduction: provides a brief explanation of DRM and its necessity.Technology: explains DRM history, forms, uses, and provides the first step to understanding DRM.Debate: covers the controversy over DRM and goes in depth into analyzing the arguments for and against DRM. The accompanying case studies and interviews offers examples of DRM successes and failures.Interactivity: features games, quizzes and other fun ways to learn about DRM.Information: contains information about the team, the topic and the site. There is also a help page to assist users to use the site more effectively.Read more in Site Features >View Flash introduction (1313kb) You will need Macromedia Flash player to view this presentation. Get playerTarget AudienceHideShow We hope to educate consumers of the entertainment industry (in particular music, multimedia and games) about DRM. Since this group comprises mainly teenagers and pre-teenagers, we are targeting them as our intended audience. Educators can also use our site to explain the significance of DRM to their students in these age categories. View the Educational Web Presentation For your convenience, an AJAX-S web presentation is available for schools and other organizations to educate others and raise awareness about DRM. Page Sources:- Wikipedia: Digital Rights Management (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Rights_Management) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[2] = "Introduction^introduction.html0000^With the advancement and pervasiveness of computing systems and growing connectedness, digital media (text, images, audio, video, etc.) can now be duplicated and transmitted with ...^IntroductionWith the advancement and pervasiveness of computing systems and growing connectedness, digital media (text, images, audio, video, etc.) can now be duplicated and transmitted with increasing ease. Legislation alone has proven to have little effect on fighting back piracy. DRM technologies thus provide necessary technical support to the law to protect digital contents from being abused. The two main functions of DRM include: Preventing unauthorized duplication of legally protected digital contentsTracing and making records of confidential documents to ensure their safe transmission. DRM remains a hotly debated and highly controversial topic. In this site, we bring you DRM: Two sides of the story, where perspectives from both corporations and consumers are presented to provide a complete picture of the landscape. Why is DRM Needed?HideShowEasy and Efficient Replication DRM is conceived by the software and media industries to control the amount of copies that can be made of their copyrighted work and to control authorized access. DRM is needed since with the profileration of computers, making exact duplicates of software and media files has become as simple as selecting the necessary files and clicking 'COPY'. With the latest developments in Internet technology, more people throughout the world are getting broadband connection to the Internet which allows them to have high download speeds. Coupled with the emerging popularity of P2P sharing applications such as Limewire, Kazaa, eMule, etc., copies of software and media files can be mass distributed. This does not go down well with software publishers and media conglomerations since they rely on the sale of their legal copies for profit and turnover. Hence DRM is initiated by them to prevent such actions from profilerating and the situation from deteriorating. In this age of advanced digital media, files can be easily copied repeatedly with no reduction in quality. This is in contrast with analogue media (i.e. cassettes, tapes) which degrade during reproduction and even normal usage. Numerous Ways of distribution As a result of their ease of replication, digital media files are being widely distributed on the Internet through a variety of channels, both legitimate and illegitimate. We adopt the stand that legitimate means of distribution allow copyright holders to be acknowledged and suitably rewarded for their efforts. An example of a legitimate distribution channel is Apple's iTunes, their online music store where customers can purchase a song for US$ 0.99 for playback on both iTunes-equipped computer platforms and iPod portable devices. Illegitimate means are thus distribution channels which do not acknowledge the works of copyright holders (such as music artists, movie studios) in the distribution of digital media. Examples include various P2P file-sharing networks, where music and even large movie files are routinely being copied and shared without compensation offered to their copyright holders. This is where DRM comes into play. DRM functions as security measures to prevent piracy of files, thus limiting the activity of illicit file duplication and dissemination. DRM allows content holders to protect their content and subsequently maintain control over distribution of their media. Page Sources:- Wikipedia: Digital Rights Management (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Rights_Management) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[3] = "Technology^technology.html0000^This site looks at DRM from two perspectives. In this section you will read about the first perspective: the technology. Here you will be introduced to the history of Digital Rights ...^TechnologyThis site looks at DRM from two perspectives. In this section you will read about the first perspective: the technology. Here you will be introduced to the history of Digital Rights Managment and read about how it has changed over time. You will also get to know what companies play a key role in the DRM world, and how they work together or against each other to set industry standards. Several examples are given of different company's DRM advantages, as well as several examples of limitations and weaknesses of certain DRM technologies.Section ContentsHideShowHistory Discover the origins of DRM and how it has evolved over the years Key Players Introduce yourself to the key players in the world of DRM, and understand how they help set standards and spread awareness Examples For those of you who like to learn from examples, this section is for you. Here you can read several examples of the uses of DRM technology in its many different forms. Technical Limitations This section covers the limitations and loopholes of the DRM technologies implemented by key companies in the computer and entertainment industries. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[4] = "Origins and History of Digital Rights Management^history.html0000^Digital Rights Management (DRM) was coined by a combination of companies and industry experts in the late 1990s. It has rapidly evolved to become what ...^Origins and History of Digital Rights ManagementDigital Rights Management (DRM) was coined by a combination of companies and industry experts in the late 1990s. It has rapidly evolved to become what it is in the 21st century. To explain the history of Digital Rights Management, we have to look at the evolution of personal computing through the last two decades and the rise of the Internet and networking technologies that have characterized personal computing. Historical OverviewHideShow From the late 1970s to present, software has been distributed mainly through physical means. Firstly 5.25 inch floppy disks, then 3.5 inch floppy disks to the CD-ROMS which are the most popular form of physical data distribution medium today, to the next generation DVD-ROMS. However, one thing that all of the above have in common is that they were easily duplicated, from floppy drives to cheap CD-RW drives which could 'burn' CDs easily. Software makers have tried to prevent consumers from making free and illicit copies through various means, e.g: Placing warning messages on the packaging or in the softwareProduct ID Keys (CD keys as they are more popularly known)Dongles - an early form of hardware DRM The widespread use of Local Area Networks (LAN) in the late 1980s made it easier for people to make duplicates of software since the files could be transferred over the network and physical medium storage devices did not have to be used anymore. Next came the idea of encryption to control access to digital media, requiring users to have the encryption keys to decode and unlock the files for usage. From 1994 when the Internet became commercially popular and widely accepted, three major developments helped to solidify the idea of DRM. 1. infoMarket by IBM - One of the first well known DRM systems, it consists of two parts: Cryptolope to control content rights and distribution, and the associated software. The focus was on Cryptolope since the second part was just software to allow customers to create interfaces to market and use content distributed by Cryptolope. How Cryptolopes work? Essentially they are just chunks of a large document that are encrypted along with the price of the content and instructions on how to use the content in a 'container'. To unlock the content you have to agree to the terms and conditions of the author (usually need to pay) and this is done using the software part of the infoMarket DRM system (i.e the interface) 2. Some system from a startup company called Electronic Publishing Resources (EPR). While IBM's infoMarket was all software, the system by EPR included hardware DRMs as well. However, both systems were not that successful. But yet IBM still uses remnants of infoMarket technology even till today while EPR renamed itself InterTrust. 3. The third major movement in DRM stems from the paper 'Letting loose the Light: Igniting Commerce in Electronic Publication' written by Dr. Mark Stefik, a researcher at Xerox PARC research labs. Basically, it supported DRM by saying that 'it should always be possible to strictly define and control who can do what to a piece of content, when, on what devices, and for how much money or other form of consideration.' Page Sources:- Words To Avoid (http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html)- Giant Steps Media Tech (http://www.giantstepsmts.com/bookpreface.htm) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[5] = "Key Players^keyplayers.html0000^The battle between software companies and piracy has never ended. Today technology is developing at a tremendous speed such that data protection is indispensable in all domains. Jump ...^Key Players The battle between software companies and piracy has never ended. Today technology is developing at a tremendous speed such that data protection is indispensable in all domains. Jump To:MicrosoftAppleSonyMicrosoftHideShow Microsoft is known for being 'one of the pioneers in software and systems development'. In that note Microsoft has also been one of the first companies to develop systems for combating piracy and has been doing continuous research and development to improve their products to protect the digital media since they have a large suite of programs which needed protection. In the aspects of video and audio protection, Microsoft developed the Windows Media DRM. Some of its features include locking of data with unique license keys, a strong encryption, unique individual acquisitions (each player is unique), proximate encryption for assurance of authorization and more. While the software is not perfect, it remains one of the most secure DRM tools because it offers reliable all round protection. AppleHideShow Apple is another dominant player in the world of DRM. It developed a range of programs targeted for consumer entertainment. An example is iLife, comprising programs such as iMovie, iPhoto, iDVD, Garage Band and the famous iTunes. The latter amasses profits of more than US$13 billion and has an accompanying online store called The iTunes Music Store. The company has thus far distributed a considerable amount of multimedia content. This contributes to the release of its DRM software called 'FairPlay, designed to be fair to the artists, record companies and the consumers'. It allows users to play their music on a maximum of five computers and unlimited burning for songs in a playlist for up to seven times. Through a username and password obtained upon registration, users get to authorize the computer that will play the songs bought from iTunes online and offline stores. Regardless of major hardware changes, the program works stably and consistently. Transfer of downloaded digital content across systems is achieved easily by de-authorizing the computer and re-authorizing it again. SonyHideShow Companies experimenting, or so to say perfecting data protection technologies may overlook the potential risks that consumers may experience in installing DRM-enabled programs. A controversial example is RootKit by Sony BMG, designed for use in audio CDs. The process starts when a user inserts the CD inside the computer and is greeted with a license agreement. Upon accepting the agreement, the software is installed together with a hidden rootKit that camouflages itself inside the computer system. This poses potential security risks as it allows certain viruses or malware to hide themselves together with the rootKit. Sony, after realizing the grave consequences, immediately released updates to resolve the problem and have product exchanges with affected customers. However, this happened long after a considerable user community have used the CDs, hence bringing about much unhappiness and disappointment among the consumers. Considering that Sony hosts one of the widest range of music from popular artists, this has certainly affected aversely its large fan base. Page Sources:- Windows Media Player (http://wwwx.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/forpros/drm/default.mspx)- iTunes (http://www.apple.com/lu/support/itunes/authorization.html)- Wikipedia: Apple Computers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer)- XCP DRM (http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/xcp_drm.shtml) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[6] = "DRM to Control Piracy^expiracy.html1002^Ever since the first piracy activities and methods were conceived, companies started a race in finding the best anti-piracy technology. Jump To:Sony's ...^DRM to Control Piracy Ever since the first piracy activities and methods were conceived, companies started a race in finding the best anti-piracy technology. Jump To:Sony's XCPEXECryptorSymantecSony's XCPHideShow During 2005 in the United States, one of the most controversial anti-piracy software is Extended Copy Protection (XCP) used by SONY BMG Music Entertainment on some audio CDs. XCP software is activated when the user inserts an XCP-protected CD into a computer with the Windows autoplay feature enabled. An EULA is automatically presented and if the user accepts it, the DRM software is installed. The DRM software installs two services, XCP CD Proxy and Plug n Play Manager, which start automatically when the computer boots. On top of these, the program installs five additional drivers. The manner which these components get installed under cover represents the modification of several native API functions. Although this DRM software may be considered efficient, security experts pointed out that this exposes users' computers to exploitable vulnerability. While XCP does not replicate itself or contain malicious features as a computer virus, because of the rootkit hiding technique, it resembles a form of malware and can be used as a backdoor toolkit by unscrupulous hackers. EXECryptorHideShow StrongBit released a new version of DRM software called EXECryptor. This program is used as an anti-piracy software which will protect programs and codes from being illegally copied or cracked. This new type of program uses a method that transforms the code, that's why it is called 'Code Morphing'. Also, this software includes a technique that transforms some commands into Virtual Machine commands (like P-Code). EXECryptor transforms the code of the programs into random and hidden code. The original code is completely lost and trying to restore the code is all the more tedious. But this application has some weak points, like the fact that after the code can still be broken and the program would then be easily restored. Also the time between decryption of the code and the passing of control represents a possibility for an intruder to discover the code or even modify it. Symantec's Norton Antivirus DRMHideShow In August 2003, the well known company Symantec launched a new anti-piracy method for their antivirus program - Norton Antivirus. The new software uses a unique alphanumeric code that is automatically stored on the user's computer. Thus, users cannot not use the evaluation products more than once. Symantec uses an electronic key, and if users try to employ it, the software will not work anymore. Additionally, if the user makes hardware changes, he must reactivate his product. Product activation does not require end users to submit any personal information to the company. Neither the product key nor the alphanumeric code contains any personally identifiable information that can be traced back to the end-user, so users' privacy is respected. Page Sources:- Strongbit (http://www.strongbit.com/)- News.com (http://news.com.com/2100-1046_3-5068370.html)- XCP DRM (http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/xcp_drm.shtml) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[7] = "DRM to Control Piracy^expiracy2.html1002^With the advancement of technology, corporations have managed to develop new ways to prevent piracy, giving rise to more effective DRM. Jump To:Watermark'The Record'Ripguard ...^DRM to Control Piracy With the advancement of technology, corporations have managed to develop new ways to prevent piracy, giving rise to more effective DRM. Jump To:Watermark'The Record'Ripguard DVDWatermarkHideShow Watermarking is a new anti-piracy technology usually used in the design and multimedia domain, and involves embedding a packet of additional digital data directly into the content signal. The mark can contain different data, like copy or usage rules of the content, owner, etc. This method is very efficient because is easy to achieve at a very low cost. One big company which creates watermarking products is Verance, formed in 1999 as a result of the merger of ARIS Technologies, Inc. (Cambridge, Mass) and Solana Technology Development Corporation (San Diego, CA). 'The Record'HideShow On May 24, 2002, recording industries released a ground-breaking DRM technology that is considered to be 'the best anti-piracy technology to date'. It is called 'The Record', consisting of a black plastic 12-inch vynil CD with grooves on its surface. It is designed to be played only on specially-built 'turntable'. Supporting a new audio format, the raw audio data is installed into the CD by using a machine to make grooves of varying heights on the disc surface. This process of encoding is brand new, and to translate the grooves back into sound, the disc is rotated on the turntable with a mechanical arm to 'read' the surface, which is then decoded and transmitted to the loudspeakers. This form of DRM is desribed as 'completely revolutionary' by industry professionals. Ripguard DVDHideShow A new and powerful tool against ripping DVDs is the program called RipGuard DVD from Macrovision. Macrovision explained that RipGuard is applied to DVD discs and requires no additional software or hardware to be incorporated into PCs, DVD players or DVD recorders. The company said that the combination of its analogue copy protection (ACP) technology and RipGuard DVD provides comprehensive DVD protection for major piracy threats faced by video content copyright owners. The two processes of applying RipGuard DVD and ACP to DVD optical discs can be transparently combined at the replication facility, regardless of the type of manufacturing systems used. Page Sources:- Watermarking (http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=LQ3LI1ECF5PAGQSNDBECKICCJUMEKJVN?articleID=18302012&_requestid=28137)- Ripguard (http://www.macrovision.com/products/activereach_dvd/ripguard/index.shtml)- The Record (http://www.urbanreflex.com/may24_02/record.html) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[8] = "Usage Control: Music and Video^exusage.html1002^DRM is all around us. It is found in most of the digital content you purchase. We take a look at selected prominent examples of DRM and some technical information about ...^Usage Control: Music and VideoDRM is all around us. It is found in most of the digital content you purchase. We take a look at selected prominent examples of DRM and some technical information about them. If you are interested in more DRM examples, you may visit www.drmwatch.com which is a site that tracks all the latest news about DRM.Jump To:MusicVideoMusicHideShowSerial Copy Management System: Serial Copy Management System or SCMS (one of the earliest form of DRM) is a concept used to lessen or totally remove the ability of cloning Digital Audio Tape or DAT. The protecting system looks for 'bits' encoded on datas and according to these bits, the next attempt of copying from the copied versions will be limited or not permitted at all. There are three states of these bits namely -00- for 'copy allowed', -11- for 'copy once' and -10- for 'copy prohibited.' For example: Making a copy of an originally '00' encoded DAT will automatically encode the copied version as '00' too, allowing cloning of the cloned DAT. If the original DAT was encoded '11,' the cloned DAT will be set to '10' (because -11- is only permitted to be copied or cloned once thus next copies will be -10-) and copying from the first one cloned will be prohibited permanently. Windows Media DRM: Windows Media DRM (WMDRM) was made to cater to audio and video files safely and securely over networks through a computer, portable and network devices via Windows Media platform. WMDRM has four essential components: 1) Windows Media DRM for Portable Devices: for supporting playback on portable devices. DIVX: the consumer (who has bought a DIVX Silver DVD disk, entitling him to unlimited usage) has his account information recorded on the disk itself. His DVD player must be connected to a phone line to receive verification codes that allow the DVD to be played. Should the consumer wish to play the DVD somewhere else, he must: Physically transport his DVD player to another location with a phone lineNotify DIVX services and transfer the phone line activation to another DVD machine.Content Scrambling System (CSS): used in DVDs, this tool encrypts the data within, and can only be unlocked by use of an encryption key in a DVD player. However, the DVD players are manufactured such that unlicensed copying of the data is prevented. Furthermore, CSS DVDs cannot be played on computer platforms. 2) Windows Media DRM for Network Devices: for on-spot transferring protected content to computers networked to a desktop LAN network. 3) Windows Media Rights Manager: Software Development Kit (SDK) for packaging encryptions on products of Content Owners to create applications and set-up permissions to protect and license their contents. 4) Windows Media Format SDK: for setting-up Windows applications supporting DRM and the Windows Media format. Extended Copy Protection: Extended Copy Protection or XCP is one of the most controversial DRM software for the past year. Sony BMG, a recording empire uses XCP for their audio CDs in 2005. XCP is a software developed and integrated by a company from UK called -First 4 Internet- and is manufactured as a DRM system for mostly audio compact discs. It runs first from an installation prompt after the first time you insert a CD with XCP encrypted on it. XCP received much criticism after some analysts said that the system affects not only the audios from a CD with XCP but also other programs within the computer system as well. key2audio: key2audio prevents CD copying by encrypting -signature- during glass master manufacturing, a CD processing step. Many reports of incompatibilities though has been raised since CD players on cars, DVD players and other platforms use a different optical drive and may not be able to read the CD properly with the -signature- blocking the usual reading procedure. There are two versions of the key2Audio protection, the key2Audio and key2AudioXS. VideoHideShowTiVoToGo: Tivo is known to be a house brand of digital video recorders (DVR) in the United States as well as in other parts of the world. It is used to record TV shows using a technique called 'timeshifting'. The records are stored into a hard disk and the user can view them anytime they wish. Using an interactive database, users can choose the programmes they want to record, sorted by time, programme title, genre, actors, directors etc.Tivo has the capabilitiy to observe the user's viewing habits, and thus suggest more programmes that the user may like. Users can even rate the programmesIncoming television signal are buffered (usually 30mins ahead) into the hard disk constantly. Users can therefore 'rewind' and 'fast-forward' through the programmes, skipping the commercials as they wishIn addition, it is superior to tape-based recorders as it allows the user to view a programme while is recording another TiVoToGo is a feature that enables recorded data to be transferred from TiVo boxes to PCs and vice-versa. TiVo files are also made editable when external companies release editing software. In November 23 2005, Tivo announced that it will use video watermarking to limit unauthorized reproduction of video clips. It uses a 'fingerprinting' technique to store the user's identity together with the content's identity into watermarks. When a user tries to share the content with others via P2P, their actions may be exposed by the watermarks. Page Sources:- Wikipedia: DRM Implementations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management#DRM_implementations) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[9] = "Usage Control: Games and Documents^exusage2.html1002^DRM is all around us. It is found in most of the digital content you purchase. Let us take a look at some prominent examples of DRM and some technical information ...^Usage Control: Games and DocumentsDRM is all around us. It is found in most of the digital content you purchase. Let us take a look at some prominent examples of DRM and some technical information about them. If you require more of the examples of DRM, you can visit www.drmwatch.com which is a site that tracks all the latest news about DRM.Jump To:GamesDocumentsGamesHideShowValve's Steam: World renowned games like Half-Life, Counter-Strike are hosted under Valve's software, called Steam. For any user who has legitimately bought a copy of any game hosted by Valve, Steam is required to be installed in their system before it can be played. Steam is a useful platform in that it provides regular updates to the product automatically. The user will have to create a Steam account to 'house' the games they bought. Here, a problem of illegal distirbution arise. Users can just buy a genuine copy of a product, use the cd-key to activate and validate the game under their account, then share that account with all his/her friends limitlessly. This make it possible for multiple users to play the game even though they did not own the product. Hence, Steam created a DRM technology that verifies the account's unique identity (Steam UserID ticket). When two or more users try to play the game online on the same server, only one user is granted the permission to connect to the server, while the other users are not allowed to play. Also, one Cd-Key can only be used for one account. This prevents different accounts from using the same CD-Key. DocumentsHideShowDocumentum's Seal Documentum produced a DRM software that is capable of encrypting important, sensitive and confidental documents for large-scale enterprises, allowing only a certain set of users to access and edit the document or to control where the document could travel to, whether it would remain only inside the company's network or could be made available for outsiders to view. Such privileges could be easily added and removed to and from a document by administrators. From here, we can thus see that DRM is applied to the enterprise world working hand in hand with Content Management Systems (CMS). ActivatedAudio Watermarking Suite: Activated Content's ActivatedAudio Watermarking Suite utilises audio watermarking technology to help in distribution of content to the recipients. The identities of both the user and the audio content are embedded into each audio file before distribution. This is known as 'fingerprinting', which is denoted by how it 'leaves a fingerprint' of the recipient on the content. Universal Music and Sony BMG are existing customers of ActivatedAudio. Examples of other customers of this technology(acoustic fingerprinting) are Audible Magic, Philips lab, Gracenote, and Relatable. The 'fingerprint' is created by computing a number from the actual bits of the file and comparing it with the database to identify the audio file. SyncCast: SyncCast is another DRM-dealing company from Microsoft. Written in C++ and C#, it offers worldwide market protection and transaction that is consumer-friendly. It is developed by Microsoft’s .NET technology and is considered the first certified .NET connected. Some of its features include: unencrypted content that never leaves your facility, easily integrates with existing billing systems, support for the highest percentage of platforms available, real-time sales and license usage reporting and encryption of live streams and integration with leading encoding appliances. Page Sources:- Wikipedia: DRM Implementations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management#DRM_implementations)- Valve's Steam (http://www.steampowered.com)- SyncCast (http://www.synccast.com/products_services/default.asp?page=drm) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[10] = "DRM Suites and their Features^drmsuites.html1002^This page lists several DRM suites commonly known in the technological world along with several of their features that seperate them from all the rest. This page may be ...^DRM Suites and their FeaturesThis page lists several DRM suites commonly known in the technological world along with several of their features that seperate them from all the rest. This page may be helpful for you to pick a DRM technology you would like to use for your own media, or if you just want to gain some knowledge about what kind of new methods companies these days are using.The SuitesHideShowIntel: One of the less common ideas of DRM is to target the motherboard. Intel is an example, with its latest dual-core processor Pentium D and 945 chipset, launched on 26 May 2005. The new method prevents illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted content from the motherboard instead of the operating system. Real Networks: From 1995, RealNetworks, Inc. has been trying to dominate the entire Internet media industry, and continuously step us its growth with its real media formats. Today millions of RealPlayer media players are being downloaded. The most important suite for DRM is The Media Commerce Suite which offers 2 important features: content encryption and run-time licensing. The aspects that made DRM technology better than the competition sometimes was its portability and support given to drivers' platform. Today RealNetworks is trying again to win the battle in the online music space where Microsoft and Apple are standing leaders but in this war no one knows the outcome. Phoenix Technologies: Phoenix Technologies has a great reputation in its BIOS manufacturing, the software that creates the essential connection between hardware and software. On 3 september 2003, the company leaders said that they are looking for a new DRM technology that would involve BIOS. They created a version of Core Management Environment (CME) using DRM technology. The DRM software from Phoenix grants content providers the ability to detect content which might be shared from user to user. Authentica: Authentica is the world’s leader when it comes to Enterprise Rights Management. It has sold more than 200 systems, a record that can not be exceeded even by combining all ERMS produced by other companies, not even Microsoft. Its DRM featured processes among other includes: copyright holders obtains non-static control over information security policies that enables them to modify consumer limitations and permissions.On the users’ part, policy control menus are easily accessible from their desktop application drop-down menus. Fasoo.com: Fasso.com is the first company to implement DRM services in year 2000. It enterprises commercial solutions in 2001 and personal solutions in 2002. An example of it’s product is called DRM-ONE, a DRM solution that is used for servers, P2P, personal desktops and the World Wide Web. One of its unqiue features includes an email authentication system, which is under the process of being patented. It enables the copyright owner to set the number of possible use of the product as well as its expiration date, depending on the log file that collects usage statistics. Plus, it also features a one-click transfer of files up to 1 Gigabyte. It also supports a variety of file formats such as MS Office, PDF, text, image, etc. Features for PC: 'Non-invasive auto encryption'DRM policy specifies the extent of users and the permission level'Every usage log is recorded on the server of DRM ONE for PC.'Content Guard: This company was launched in April 2000 and it is owned by Time Warner, Microsoft and Thomson. Content Guard is a software used in the distribution and management of digital content or services. ContentGuard comprises of 3 important tools with different purposes like creating ISOs, license management and many more (RightExpress, MPEG REL SDK, ContentGuard SDKs etc.). Intertrust: Relatively a small company, Intertrust from California functions with 35 employees. It’s aim is to initiate a standard for DRM technologies. They have two divisions of project, namely NEMO and Octopus. NEMO (Networked Environment for Media Orchestration) is an evironment for interoperability between different DRM systems. This software resolves the problem of incompatible DRM technologies by leveraging service-oriented architectures (SOAs) to ensure a secure medium through which DRM systems can communicate dynamically. Octopus, toolkit for building DRM engines, offers the possibility of implementing DRM in systems, aplications and devices without releasing control of their platforms. DigitalContainers Inc. (DCI): DigitalContainers Inc. was the first to patent symmetric key/token-based security technologies for use in DRM, P2P application development, e-commerce and privacy compliance applications. A digital container is a software product that ensures security, management and e-commerce system for all sorts of files. The technologies of this software 'wraps' the content and provides a 'key' with which the user can access the digital content. Solutions developed include: SWIFT Reader (electronic publishing), SWIFT Deals (secure eCatalogs), Digital Collector's item (securely package and sell electronic content), Clickshare (payment services). Musicrypt: This company was launched in July 1999 with the purpose of distributing digital music. They introduced the concept of Digital Media Distribution System (DMDS) which has become the leading technology in B2B digital delivery solution for the music industry. The music delivered by Musicrypt is in 16-bit WAV files so that the consumer receives good quality media. The encryption is developed with Virtual Matrix Encryption (VME) which is a million-bit encryption algorithm, offering a high grade of security. They also introduced a new term 'BioPassword' which it is used to identify the level of sercurity and protect passwords. EZDRM: EZDRM is the DRM solution from StrikeTheSet LLC and comes in two formats: EZDRM Basic and EZDRM Pro. These make use of many versions of Microsoft's DRM, from version 1 to 10 today. It provides a reliable platform for digital media distribution. MediaRights: MediaRights Technologies DRM is characterised by 2 main products, SeCure DVD Technology and SeCure X1 Recording Control. Below are some extracts of its functions: SeCure DVD offers the following DRM features: Manages digital ripping, copying, and burning of DVDs by computer applications. Enables distribution and superdistribution of digital media.Retains all original audiovisual source files.Integrates easily using existing authoring and production technologies.SeCure X1 prevents and manages the unauthorized transcoding and redistribution of copyrighted works. DRM features: Manages digital recording of computer-based audio playback.Promotes audio content distribution on the Internet.Operates on physical media. streaming, or download delivery systems.Supports Microsoft Windows 98 SE, ME, 2000, XP, and Mac OS 10.3.9 and newer.Page Sources:- Intel (http://www.digitmag.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=4915)- Real Networks (http://www.info-mech.com/drm_vendors.html#realnetworks)- Real Networks (http://www.realnetworks.com/company/index.html)- Phoenix Technologies (http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0%2C1697%2C1237519%2C00.asp)- Authentica (http://www.authentica.com/products/difference.aspx)- Fasoo.com (http://www.fasoo.com/eng/sub_com01.asp)- Fasoo.com (http://www.drmone.com/)- Content Guard (http://www.contentguard.com/ToolsAndSDKs.asp)- InterTrust (http://www.intertrust.com/main/research/reference.html)- DigitalContainers Inc. (http://www.digitalcontainers.com/)- Musicrypt (http://www.musicrypt.com/)- EZDRM (http://www.ezdrm.com/) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[11] = "Introduction to DRM Limitations^limits.html1003^Although a considerable number of DRM enabled solutions are available in the marketplace, their limitations have to be recognized. None of the available solutions ...^Introduction to DRM Limitations Although a considerable number of DRM enabled solutions are available in the marketplace, their limitations have to be recognized. None of the available solutions cater all of the content types and there remain major issues of interoperability and access. CryptographyHideShow Digital right management technologies usually use cryptography (secret writing) which involves three parties: a sender, a receiver and attacker. If the sender wants to send a message or any type of media to the receiver without the attacker to understand or even 'steal' this package, DRM uses enciphering algorithms. This method is not really secure because once the attacker figures out the algorithm, the attacker has full access to the data content. But the situation is more complicated because oftenly, the receiver is also the attacker, so the content senders once again needs a more secure way to distribute media on a large scale, but at the same time to keep it protected from piracy. MD4, MD5 and SHA-1 are popular encrypting algorithms. It takes immense computing power to decipher a string that has been 'hashed' using these algorithms. Below is a demonstration to allow you to see how a string is encrypted. As you can see, any small change in the input results in a radically different output making it very hard to decipher. To use the below encryption demonstration, just type in anything in the 'input' box and press the button corresponding to the type of encryption you want to perform on your text. The encrypted text will appear in the 'result' box. InputCalculateResultAnalogue HolesHideShow The perfect technology is hard to find for some domains because there are the so called 'analogue holes' in DRM technologies. For example, if a document is copyrighted, the user can still use a simple method to copy the document, by just making a photo of it with a digital camera. This kind of exceptions are hard to prevent and hard to detect. Page Sources:- Cryptography Demonstration (http://pajhome.org.uk/crypt/md5/)- Cryptography (http://research.microsoft.com/crypto/) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[12] = "Loopholes^loopholes.html1003^in DRM Technology As mentioned before, the DRM technology is far from reaching perfection with respect to the technology used. Manufacturers and software companies have not been able to ...^Loopholes in DRM Technology As mentioned before, the DRM technology is far from reaching perfection with respect to the technology used. Manufacturers and software companies have not been able to perfect their DRM methods and eliminating the piracy of their products. Below are three major examples of the loopholes that are present in the three main forms of DRM used for entertainment. This site does not condone the exploitation of these loopholes, but merely states them in hope to educate the consumers who are exposed to these types of DRM daily. Jump To:Sony's XCPApple's iTunesMicrosoft's Windows Media PlayerSony's XCPHideShow Surveys around the world show that the most common digital content type copied illegal are the audio CDs. Audio CDs are worldwide distributed, so piracy is imminent here. All great companies tried to protect its music by implementing different types of DRM technology. One good example is Sony's XCP technology. First, the company enthusiastically announced that their music content is protected by one of the most reliable and secure DRM technology. But soon they realised that they were wrong. Two computer annalists, Martin Reynolds and Mike McGuire, discovered a surprising method to bypass the XCP technology. The method started from the fact that every conventional music CD has an electronic table of contents at the beginning of each disc, so the two analysts tried to see what would happen if they cover the edge of the CD. By doing this they realised that they can bypass the security of XCP and the music remains unprotected. This is because players will read directly from the inner part of the CDs where music data can be found. These kinds of simple solution to DRM security are really concerning thinking that a big company such as Sony has not taken into account every possibility of ripping an audio CD. Apple's iTunesHideShow Almost everybody heard about iTunes. At iTunes you can purchase music and you receive a license key needed for the DRM software called FairPlay that Apple uses to protect its content. After this DRM was released, a group of programmers created a program called PyMusique that allows songs to be purchased from iTunes service and then, essentially, stripped of the DRM. PyMusique simply decrypts the track directly, resulting in a file that the user has purchased legitimately but is then unencrypted. The funny thing is that after Apple released an update to fix this problem, the next day the group of programmers released their own update that made decrypting available again. This is one of the most direct hack induced by iTunes but not the only one because it seems that the number of hacks increases in a direct relation with the popularity of the hacked object. Microsoft's Windows Media playerHideShow But the worrying fact is that this kind of hacks are present to great corporations with a great tradition in computer software, like Microsoft. In September 2005 a computer programmer called Jon Lech Johansen, has hacked encryption coding in Microsoft's Windows Media Player. He reverse engineered a proprietary algorithm, which is used to wrap Media Player NSC files and ostensibly protect them from hackers sniffing for the media's source IP address, port or stream format. He has also made a decoder available. This wasn't Jon's first hack, he created a utility that enabled him to play DVDs on his Linux PC, developed a work around to bypass digital rights management (DRM) technology in Apple Computer's iTunes and, his latest hack, was done to make Media Player content available to the open source VideoLAN Client (VLC) streaming media player. But the first successful attempt to hack the Digital Right Management software from Microsoft was in 2001 when a hacker created a software called FreeMe which strips Microsoft's copy protection away from the music customers purchased online. The problem was resolved with an update and the corporation started an accusation against the hacker in court. Page Sources:- Audio Design Line (http://www.audiodesignline.com/news/174401404)- ZDNet (http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/internet/ecommerce/0,39020372,39192431,00.htm)- The Register (http://www.theregister.com/2005/09/02/dvd_jon_mediaplayer/) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[13] = "Debate^debate.html0000^This site looks at DRM from two perspectives. In this section you will read about the two contrasting perspectives: the advocates versus the opposition of DRM. Here, the advocates of DRM supply ...^DebateThis site looks at DRM from two perspectives. In this section you will read about the two contrasting perspectives: the advocates versus the opposition of DRM. Here, the advocates of DRM supply points to support DRM, and tries to convince us that DRM is indeed important and necessary for both the producers and the consumers. On the other side, the opposition tries to criticise the abuse of DRM technologies and expose the harmful impact it can have on society. Finally, you can also have a look at the legislature and have a view of what to expect in the future of DRM.Section ContentsHideShowAdvocates Listen to what supporters of DRM have to argue Oppositions Listen to what oppositions of DRM have to argue Case Studies Let us take a look at some prominent DRM cases and a review on each of them. This section includes two interviews with key players of DRM that reveals the direct voices from corporate world WorldWide Legislature This section provide legal statements from countries like Singapore and The United States of America regarding the issue of DRM Future Outlook What technologies will we expect in the future of DRM? What will be the future implications of DRM? Find out more in this section Global Review Let's hear from the consumers in this survey-cum-questionnaire. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[14] = "Advocates ^advocate.html0000^Proponents view DRM as an inevitable consequence of piracy. The advocates of DRM, comprising mainly corporations and producers of creative content, provide justification to support DRM's ...^Advocates Proponents view DRM as an inevitable consequence of piracy. The advocates of DRM, comprising mainly corporations and producers of creative content, provide justification to support DRM's development and enforecment. Most of them are economical concerns, while others elaborate its necessity to the future of creativity. Let us explore the arguments in detail. Jump To:Justification of property rightsCorporation's justificationA pragmatic way of preventing copyright infringementFosters new business model Address the problem of perpetual protection and other exceptionsBetter DRM in progressJustification of property rightsHideShow Contrary to free movement proponents who believe society benefits most from a free culture, DRM supporters emphasize the essence of property rights as an engine to drive development and progress. We live in an economy driven world where monetary wealth propels survival and the improvement of living standards. While some people will innovate out of the simple desire to benefit the community and will be happy to publish their works under terms such as the Creative Common License which requires no cash returns, more often most people desire rewards and compensation. For every crop they grow, they expect a yield. They may be kind enough to give one or two bags of their harvest to the needy poor. But most will not indistinctively allow people to take their crops without paying. The need for returns is a natural component of human nature. Driven by self-interest, people will work more efficiently and creatively in the hope of getting better returns. The question is: Do they get returns equivalent to the hard work they put in? Not always. Sometimes they voluntarily give up their rights to rewards for the greater welfare of the general public. But more often they get less than what they give because others steal their fruits of labor by means of illegal access and duplication at almost zero cost! Unsure of their future returns, these brilliant brains may cease working or become less enthusiastic about creation. In the digital context, DRM is therefore a necessary technological measure to keep out these thefts, creating a safe and stable environment to encourage innovation. We may think that non-owners are losers in the contest of property rights. However, this is not the case as they gain through trading with the numerous choices of 'pay per view', 'pay per hour' or 'pay per time'. While we can always turn to freeware if we find commercial software too expensive, the issue is not one of price, but of quality. We do not mean programmers who devote themselves to developing freeware are mediocre, the truth is they are simply less competitive in terms of number and resources. Profit-driven companies are generally more organized in research and speed to market. New features that appeals to consumers are added constantly to the old version by companies who stretch to their limits in order to grab more market share. Eventually, we will find free software with the same function, but that may be quite some months later. Considering the loss of productivity due to the time lag, it is more worthwhile to use commercial products. It is fair to pay a small amount in return for improvements in efficiency and convenience that new software features offer. Assuming Microsoft charges $45 billion for the use of its products. While it may appear intimidating at first sight, considering the gains all customers receive from using the operating system and productivity suite, collectively this value is immeasurable. In economics terms, consumers are never put at a disadvantage. The price we actually pay for a good is usually less than what we are able and willing to pay. The difference between them forms what we call consumer surplus, which forms part of society's welfare. Once we understand the logic behind the property rights, we will not blame DRM for ripping money from our pockets. Free software is not as free as the name suggests. It is bound to some compulsory contribution on the users' part. All freedom comes with reciprocal duties. Under the governance of GPL, all users have the right to access the program's source code and make changes to it without paying or even notifying the original creator. At the same time, anyone who incorporates the opensource program into their work is required to share the source code of any improved feature, no matter whether they wish to or not. The exact language used in GPL is 'You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.' The word 'must' suggests that you do not have a choice over what you want to share. Hence, the forced 'sharing' under GPL license is very much different from the voluntary disclosure under Creative Commons. The point to make is that freeware and payware equal in freedom. You have to accept a set of conditions before using the software and your action will therefore be restricted in one way or another. However, you can always opt for the alternative that best suit your needs. So which is the better choice? Stallman's supporters would argue that opensource software promotes creativity and social benefits while proprietary software encourages the pursuit of personal interests. Does this mean free software is always more desirable? Not necessarily. As mentioned earlier, a large number of people are only motivated by lucrative deals. Their creativity is only stimulated when they are promised with attractive future rewards. Proprietary corporations such as IBM, Apple, Sony and Microsoft have proven that their programmers thrive on originality and creativity. Fierce competition urges companies to constantly release better products which improve consumers' productivity and efficiency. Even though freeware allows more people to contribute their expertise into software development, they may not get improved as fast as proprietary software due to the lack of competence and need for coordination. Therefore, it is too hasty to conclude that free software encourages creativity more simply because it is less restrictive. Corporation's justificationHideShow DRM is necessary to prevent the uncontrolled copying of digital media files. This would allow their copyright holders to restrict supply of the media and thus earn revenue from sales and licensing. While this may sound mercenary and selfish, one must keep in mind that copyright holders have invested large amounts of resources in terms of time and money to create their products. For example, movie production costs can run into hundreds of millions of dollars, for example the US$150 million 'King Kong'. If movie costs cannot be compensated by revenues from ticket and DVD sales (if unscrupulous characters simply buy one disk and mass duplicate them for free distribution), movies will become unprofitable. This results in the collapse of the movie industry and subsequently no new movies. This is definitely not a pleasant prospect for both illegal downloaders as well as the paying public, and everyone becomes worse off in the long run. Copyright thus fosters the growth of new intellectual property, with DRM as the tool in which organisations enforce their copyrights. Furthermore, the introduction of DRM systems will allow media industries to go into digital distribution through the Internet without worry of piracy. This would provide additional incentive for the development of high-quality audio and video content that can be safely and profitably distributed. This development would greatly increase convenience for consumers, at the same time rewarding media industries for their investment. If one could buy a good DVD-quality 'King Kong' movie off Sherman Networks for viewing in the comfort of his or her own home, while ensuring that money gets to the film production studios, DRM technology has to come into the picture. It is a win-win situation: One does not have to travel to the cinemas, and the studios will be able to tap a new strong channel in marketing and distribution. A pragmatic way of preventing copyright infringementHideShow In Singapore, a person may get up to six-month jail and S$20,000 fine for large-scale downloading of pirated songs, or five-year jail and S$100,000 fine for illegal distribution of these songs. Despite the severe punishment and nation-wide public education to raise the awareness of copyright legislation, there are still 61% of youngsters downloading music illegally from the Internet and making digital copies of CDs that they do not own. Azry is one of first two men sentenced to jail for disseminating hundreds of pirated music files via the Internet chat program under the new Copyright Act. 'I shared songs not for profit, but to make friends on the Internet,' said Azry with regret,' I did not think it would be such a serious offence.' The situation is no better in other countries. A staggering 85% of the music sold in Chinese market is pirated and Indonesia is not far behind with 80%. It is obvious that legal enforcement alone is not enough to put a stop or, more realistically, effectively reduce the cases of copyright violation. The entertainment industry, which loses billions of dollars every year due to the proliferation of pirated movies and music CDs, cannot wait for education to get the message across. What it needs is a fast and effective tactic to help in the battle against piracy. Here comes DRM, an immature but promising way to fight back copyright infringement by restricting access to protected materials. Unlike legislation which punishes the culprits after the damages are done, DRM prevents any unintentional law-breakers from committing the crimes. Therefore, DRM should be applauded and utilized by companies to safeguard their rights and profits. Fosters new business modelHideShow DRM is commonly perceived as a technology that is designed to restrict consumers' freedom to explore and exploit available online resources. However, it may be too sentimental and irrational to conclude that DRM merely restricts without delving deeper into the benefits DRM has brought to us. In fact, one can view DRM as fostering and liberating things to a certain extent. When their interests are guaranteed and their files can be securely transmitted, content owners will be more willing to share their creations with the rest of the world via the Internet as a distribution medium. Business is not about sacrificing one party to benefit the other. A deal is closed only when a mutually beneficial situation is reached. Both companies and consumers gain for example when Apple iPod opens up their online store to music lovers with Fairplay in place. With DRM as a technical measure to ensure online sales are not eroded by proliferation of pirated or illegal sharing, more companies are encouraged to move their businesses from tangible transactions to digital trading. Their investment in this new arena means more choices and convenience for consumers. Coupled with powerful search engines, this saves consumers the hassle of physically browsing through thousands of CDs in a typical brick and mortar store. As the digital market becomes more competitive, more and better personalized services can be provided to customers. In the past, when we want a song, we have to buy the whole album. Today, we can not only opt to purchase just a particular soundtrack, but also buy it for only a certain period of time at a lower price. The level of flexibility and pervasiveness of online services provide is unsurpassed than in the past. Without DRM as the mediating factor, there can never be such a prosperous digital industry. Other than online music stores such as iTunes and Connect, distance education is another example where DRM serves as a propellant. It solves one major problem faced by educators engaged in distance education - the secure transmission of educational resources. By encrypting the materials, teachers are assured that only legitimate recipients are able to access the files. Other confidential documents such as students' personal and assessment information are also protected from hackers by means of DRM. Countries such as Australia, America and South Korea which make substantial use of the Internet in education are particularly dependent on DRM technologies. DRM is becoming an integral part of today's digital world. While it controls and regulates the sharing, duplication and dissemination of digital works, it also allows for perfect freedom within this control. Address the problem of perpetual protection and other exceptionsHideShow Some people criticize DRM for over-protecting online resources. While copyright protects inventions for only a limited period of time, DRM can easily liberate a long term ban on any materials if the company, or even an individual wishes so. As a new technology, the lack of monitoring and regulation of DRM systems do give chances to certain DRM developers to take advantages of their technology by claiming ownership of publicly owned but unprotected materials. Unchecked by authorities, some files will remain inaccessible even after the copyright has expired. However, these cases are not a concern in the contemporary world and will be further improved in the future. Many countries, European Union for instance, have already taken notice of this problem to address it adequately in its legislation. It is stated in the law that once the copyright is expired, no one can use any form of DRM technology to restrict the accessibility of the digital resource. Besides perpetual protection, European Copyright Directive of 2001 also showed awareness of the exceptions of copyright law which address the needs of minority groups such as the poor and the disable. Balance between beneficiaries of exceptions and right holders are achieved though negotiations between parties concerned. Exceptions are only granted to needy groups and careful measures are taken to ensure special benefits enjoyed by the exception group are not extended to other parties. Other laws, such as Creative Commons, allow right holders to formally renounce their ownership over their creations once and forever. Their generous contributions form the bulk of public domain. Better DRM in progressHideShow Some claim that DRM is not desirable because its implementation is neither safe nor convenient at this time. While we cannot deny that current DRM technologies are far from perfect in terms of security, compatibility, ease of operation and user-friendliness, we should keep in mind that DRM is undergoing rapid developments, and problems may be solved sooner than you expect. For example, the region code which has the function of preventing people from playing a locally purchased music CD or DVD in a foreign country used to be a major source of irritation for consumers. According to Sander Sassen, one of the millions of users who applied for the use of DRM protected software, the biggest concern about DRM is not how much they have to pay for the access, but the agonising registering process. In response to large-scale complaints and negative reputations, it has since been removed from most audio tracks and movies, much to the delight of consumers. DRM is considered too restrictive if the content can be played back only on a specific device, in a specific country, for only a set period of time or worse, all of the above. Do not be too upset about your past experiences. If you have been observing DRM for a period of time, you will notice that DRM researchers are working hard to remove its unpopular elements, Microsoft being a prime example. Since the grievances aired by most consumers are largely technical than fundamental, these are likely to be fixed with relative ease. As DRM is not innately flawed, its future is promising in a world of fast advancing technology. DRM today has already offered more freedom to consumers than a few years back. Consumers may in the near future enjoy greater flexibility in the way they negotiate with DRM. We may be able to play music in any format on any device at any place for whatever period. Who knows? Page Sources:- The creaters own ideas (http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/06/issue/feature_creators.asp)- Implementing the European Copyright Directive (http://www.fipr.org/copyright/guide/)- Wikipedia: EUCD (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUCD)- Sander Sassen's story (http://www.hardwareanalysis.com/content/article/1765/)- DRM at its worst? Here's a prime example (http://www.hardwareanalysis.com/content/article/1765/) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[15] = "Opposition^opposition.html1004^Over the years, DRM has proved itself a threat to the growth of developed nations and the well-being of the public. In the following sections, we are going to examine how the innate flaws ...^OppositionOver the years, DRM has proved itself a threat to the growth of developed nations and the well-being of the public. In the following sections, we are going to examine how the innate flaws of DRM stop its own progress and at the same time, act against consumers' interests as well as the preservation of cultural identity.Section ContentsHideShowFailure of DRM The failure of DRM in both the developed world and the developing world Economical implications & Copyleft Some points on the economical consequences and the opposition to copyright Problems of existing DRM Let us take a look at some prominent DRM cases and a review on each of them. This section includes two interviews with key players of DRM that reveals the direct voices from corporate world Obstacle to promoting free culture Read about some points that criticises DRM in terms of its hinderance to free culture Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[16] = "Failure of DRM^failure.html1004^With the advancement of technology, corporations have managed to develop new ways to prevent piracy, giving rise to more effective DRM.Jump To:Failure of DRM in the developed ...^Failure of DRMWith the advancement of technology, corporations have managed to develop new ways to prevent piracy, giving rise to more effective DRM.Jump To:Failure of DRM in the developed worldFailure of DRM in the developing worldFailure of DRM in the developed worldHideShowAnti-circumvention laws Anti-circumvention laws are legal measures the state takes to protect DRM. It exerts heavy punishment on people who invest in, produce or distribute any tools that can break DRM locks. Such a law is essential since DRM, unlike other real security systems such as protecting encrypted emails and Web-sessions, is incapable of preventing itself from being hacked. However, it is the very feature of having legal protection which deems DRM to be an insecure system. As said by a security expert, Bruce Schneier, ' anyone can design a security system that is so secure that he can't imagine anyway of breaking it.' The truth is no one knows whether a system is safe enough for use until it is disclosed to the public to test it. More brains work better than one. More than often, a large number of internet users are more efficient than the few experts in spotting the flaws within the system and make corresponding corrections and improvements promptly. Hence, for a real security system to be successful, it must be spread as widely as possible for peer-review. Unfortunately, this will never happen in the case of DRM. Security researchers would bear the risks of facing criminal charges if they dare to reveal the weakness of any DRM technology. That explains why DRM, a technology deliberately shield away from the general public, is especially vulnerable to hacker attacks. There are a few incidents of DRM holders making use of anti-circumvention laws to silence the dissenters who happen to discover the flaws of their system, in order to protect their image and reputation from being ruined. For instance, Dimitry Sklyarov, a Russian scientist who pointed out the inadequacies of Adobe's electric book restriction scheme on the computer security conference in 2001, was imprisoned for several weeks and separated from his family for a few months. The same story appended again in Norway. As the innovator of a computer program called DeCSS, Jonhansen was accused by American entertainment corporations for decoding their Content Scrambling System on DVDs, enabling people to watch out-of-region DVDs and play back DVDs under the GNU/Linux operating system. Instead of admitting their mistakes in CSS scheme, American entertainment industry used anti-circumvention law to act against the creator and distributor of DeCSS after the new software was released to the internet for free downloading. Once a developing country agrees on the WCT or WPPT, they will have to include anti-circumvention laws into their justice system. Countries signing any forms of free trade agreement with US have even less flexibility on how to implement the law. As a result, all countries may either willingly or be forced to adopt the anti-circumvention laws in the near future. Since there is no way of abolishing the law, the best thing we can do to ensure the safety of our security systems is not to have DRM at all. Consumer displeasure There is a reason for defining DRM as Digital Restrictions Management. Instead of granting its users their well-deserved rights, it has put too much restriction on the digital products that it virtually retarded their development. Let me take DVD player, a popular playback device, as an example to illustrate the restrictive nature of DRM. All DVD player manufacturers are obliged to sign a contract with DVD-CCA who will in return issue out decryption keys that are necessary for users to unlock the protected DVDs. Much to the consumers' discomfort, DVD-CCA demands a strict control over these devices by implementing features such as 'region codes' which prevents owners from using the players overseas. That means an American manufactured DVD player cannot be brought to Brazil to watch a local movie borrowed from a nearby rental shop. In fact, DVD-CCA has the exclusive right to decide whether a new function should be developed. Afraid of being out-competed by new market entrants, it refused to grant licenses to newly invented uses, except to those owned by its partner companies. Its reluctance has stopped the innovation of advanced products. CD players, being free to introduce any new features to the existing models, have shown significant progress over the past few years. Consumers can now reap more benefits from their CD collection with all the additional functions such as compressing songs into MP3 format to playback in other devices like computers or iPod. More than hindering the development of better devices, DRM is indicted for removing the features that consumers had rightfully purchased. The fact that companies can modify the DRM for every updated version of their products suggests that they can easily put an end to your existing function when you upgrade your devices. Microsoft's Media Center PC was such an example at work. Consumers who purchased such a machine are eligible for using its recording feature to save their favorite TV series onto the hard drives. Consequently, they can burn them into CDs or build up a collection of classical films on their computers. One such consumer voiced that he did enjoyed the recording experience of HBO shows until one week later, a message was send by HBO DRM system to Microsoft's Media Center, requesting the burning function to be terminated. Another case would be the use of set-top 'PVRs' which have a similar function of preserving TV programs into an internal hard-drive of the box. With the help of DRM technology, cable-casters are able to stop or lessen the recordable shows and limit the period within which their recorded contents can be stored without consumers' consent. Again, HBO claimed to prevent the long-term archiving of the show 'Six Feet Under' using DRM, allowing shows to be stored for a maximum of 4 weeks so that they can secure a market for their DVDs issued after the shows. We can see that some of the advantages, such as the ease to build a personal movie collection, are lost after DRM were implemented. Apple played another trick with their DRM system. When iTunes 4.0 was released, it allows music to be transferred and played on another computer via Internet. However, this feature was subsequently removed from all its advanced versions, which only permit sharing among users of the same network. Of course, consumers can opt not to update their systems in order to preserve the favorable feature. But consequently, they will be denied of other benefits such as improved stability which are available in latest versions. The renewable characteristic of DRM allows companies and producers to use DRM to their own advantage, forcing consumers to give up some of their benefits to obtain the others. Worst comes to worst, consumers may simply lose the very feature that attracted them to choose the product in the beginning and never get compensated. Nullification of copyright exceptions Under conventional circumstances, only authors have the supreme power to decide how their creations can be edited, altered or modified. However, exceptions are introduced to copyright laws in many countries to some special groups such as the disabled. It is deemed lawful for charity organizations to make necessary changes to an ebook without notifying the author provided their purpose is to cater to the particular needs of the disabled. Unlike traditional printed materials, digital books can read aloud their contents automatically when readers browse through them. In this way, the blind can 'read' the articles as conveniently and independently as ordinary people. The ebooks published by Adobe have such audio capacity but their authors can turn it off once and for all since the technology is unable to distinguish whether its audiences are blind. For some other books which do not have such function at all, any integrated software sold by a third party will be rejected by the restricting DRM system within the ebooks. The same situation apply to the deaf. People with hearing difficulties can understand a movie pretty well with the aid of subtitles. Even though many foreign films are not officially translated and subtitled, needy people can always rely on fan-subs which are generally accurate and definitely easier to obtain. However, fan-subbing is inevitably a circumvention act against DVD DRM and thus will be deterred by law. The wider DRM is used, the less the disabled can benefit. As DRM indiscriminately restrict people on areas where the needs of the disabled are valued more than the rights of content owners, the technology is actually nullifying the exceptions in copyright laws which are carefully designed to ensure the well being of social vulnerable groups. Failure of DRM in the developing worldHideShowOne size does not fit all To better evaluate the concept of DRM, it is important to know the underlying significance as well as the extent of copyright protection. Copyright laws give content writers, music composers and any other creators a certain extent of control over their intellectual properties. The prime purpose of such a practice is to provide authors incentives to continue with their creations. In other words, the aim of copyright policies is not to restrict public access to protected resources, but to impose just sufficient limits to prevent abuse. In fact in some cases copyright laws are not applied in order to achieve a faster growth and to benefit society at large. For example, the US database industry which is free to abstract information from various sources in the absence of copyright laws has grown twenty-five fold since 1979 ,whereas Europe, who is more cautious of the laws in its data collection process, showed little improvement through out the years. Therefore, the extent of copyright exercised in different areas, especially in developing countries, should vary according to their specific needs and development pace. More often, open resources facilitate industrial and national growth while the control on the release of new technology restricts. That is why Marie Curie decided to share her discoveries with the rest of the world instead of making profits out of them. As R&D of DRM operating systems is carried out exclusively in developed nations, it turned out to be ignorant of and unfriendly to poorer countries. DRM poses a threat to local progress since it enables foreign companies to overtrump domestic development strategies by technical means. For instance, the state government may wish to give exemption of copyright law on rural education so as to lessen the finance burden of those who live in the destitute regions. However, the companies implement the same technology in all their products. No exception is given to suit every country's particular need. Despite the social benefits people can reap by differentiating the markets, everyone has to pay the same amount for the sake of DRM. Punishment on local publishers Other than relentlessly annoying end-users of digital products, DRM also spells trouble to authors and publishers who want their properties protected. Unlike legitimation, DRM is not free of charge. Every local content owner has to pay an amount of loyalty to cartels and licensing bodies such as DVD-CCA for the use of their DRM technologies. For example, if a public broadcaster wants to disseminate its programs such as those on the prevention of bird flu or promotion of charitable organizations, he has to pay the foreign Mobile Alliance a large sum of fee to enable their distribution. DRM can be viewed as a good or service that rich countries sell to poor countries. It might be less of a concern for influent publishers, but to some self-funded content creators, it is a punishment they do not deserve. DRM is costly, yet, its quality is in question. Lacking of the ability to develop a better protective system, poor nations have to buy from their richer friends which inevitably lead to an outflow of money from developing to developed world. Prevention on resale One typical feature of developing countries is that people rely greatly on second hand goods to save on cost. Their trading of resold books, CD players as well as handphones is far more frequent than in wealthy countries, given the fact that a considerably large portion of the population cannot afford all those highly priced new products. DRM hinders the process of resale as most of them allow only the original owner access to the encrypted contents. iTunes song and Adobe ebooks are among the products that cannot be passed on to next owner due to technical barriers. Given the prosperity and importance of second-hand markets in developing countries, the restrictive technologies imposed on information goods are particularly detrimental to the well-being of their people. Indiscriminate application of DRM Not all works need to be protected. Materials that belong to public domain are free for sharing. They consist of classic works such as Pride and Prejudice, informative contents with their copyrights expired or any other materials that are not registered to legal protections. The public make good use of these free contents to obtain more information for their projects or merely to keep themselves well informed and well read. DRM, however, hinders the healthy development of this domain. Any DRM owner has the ability to exercise censorship on these open-for-sharing materials and thus, turn public properties into private goods. We see such incidents around the world. Adobe ebook DRM has been used on fictions including Alice In Wonderland which belongs to public domain. Public domain, as an important source of scientific and educative information, is indispensable to the majority of poor countries since they cannot afford the money for charged services. If individuals are allowed to claim ownership on open fields using technical methods, the ultimate outcome would be the loss of social interests. Incompatibility with FOSS Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) refers to non-commercial programs developed and shared by volunteers for the benefits of the community at large. Some prominent examples of FOSS include sever operating systems like mail-server and web-server as well as free web browser Mozilla. More than being software for free usage, it even allows viewers to add in modifications and improvements where appropriate. This feature is a bless to developing regions since people can voluntarily translate them into local languages for easier manipulation. For example, Mozilla has been translated into several foreign languages, such as Slovenian, Turkish and Brazilian Portuguese, which are the only languages the indigenous know. While FOSS provides tools and legal licenses to consumers to customize their software, DRM, on the contrary, sealed all the information necessary to examine a program in order to prevent unauthorized modification. The incompatibility between them forces companies to choose between the two operating systems. Once DRM is adopted, there is no place for FOSS to exist. All the benefits that people can reap from the open software will thus be lost. Distance education Statistics show that about 70% of Indian population is rural. Geographical barriers, deficient transporting systems as well as merger finance are some of the factors deterring investors to build schools in such areas. Basic education can still be completed in campus. Distance education may be crucial for the young to pursue higher education since no college, especially the famous ones, is constructed nearby. The advantage of distance education through Internet is to give more flexibility to students and at the same time, save on transport cost. Its importance is unquestionable given the fact a large portion, 50% for Argentina, of the rural residents are poor. However, DRM impose restrictions on most of the teaching materials, thus raising the cost of using them for on-line learning. As a result, on-line education may no longer be cost-effective. Besides economical concern, the difficulties teachers may encounter when converting catalog to digital format in the presence of DRM also undermine the ease of on-line courses. Under the control of DRM, distance learning may be no longer favorable. The educational sectors in developing countries suffer as a result. Limitations on digital libraries One could be uneducated but well-read, since knowledge is easily acquired through regular visits to libraries. Statistics show that an amazing 86% literacy rate in Nkayi District in Zimbabwe was achieved due to the extensive library services, especially the readily available Internet assess in rural area. A modern library can no longer rely solely on printed works and dusty newspapers. The most demanded items such as educational materials, training courses and daily news are converted into digital formats, catering to a larger population including those live in relatively remote regions. DRM, once again, steps in to create a technological barrier to digital contents stored in libraries. The access is made tedious and irritating if not blocked completely. There are some cases illustrating how DRM diminished the amount of digital resource that a library is capable of delivering. Sometimes, digital materials purchased are removed from library collection because of technical restrictions. Of course, it is possible to fix the problem, but it is not commercially wise for providers to do so. Neither will libraries do it since the refund they can get through legal enforcement is a bare minimum. Therefore, these materials will just be conveniently cut out from the database despite readers' objection. Libraries do have the privilege of negotiating with big companies to obtain DRM-free contents or seek grant from the right holders to unlock the DRM protection without risking a detention for breaking anti-circumvention laws. However, all the advantages are strictly constricted to national or some well-known libraries only. Small libraries, which may have a significant influence on its region, are marginalized and neglected due to their weak bargaining power. Besides, DRM undermines libraries' role in cultural and historical reservation. Data formats, operating systems and data carriers must be constantly updated in order to restore data for future use. DRM-formatted materials are easily lost once the related software is expired. Therefore, historians argue that DRM is a hazard for digital content archives. Page Sources:- Electronic Frontier Foundation (www.eff.org/IP/DRM/drm_paper.pdf) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[17] = "Economical Implications & Copyleft^copyleft.html1004^Now, let us see how DRM can cause economical problems between the rich and the poor. Also, copyright does not stand alone. It has its opposition.Jump To:Economical ...^Economical implications & CopyleftNow, let us see how DRM can cause economical problems between the rich and the poor. Also, copyright does not stand alone. It has its opposition.Jump To:Economical implicationsVote for CopyleftEconomical implicationsHideShow DRM is undesirable in that it prolongs scarcity in society. Economically speaking, scarcity is the phenomenon where society's resources are unable to keep up with its wants. For example, using King Kong once again, movie studios are able to charge a high price for their screenings, which is translated through cinemas into high ticket prices. Thus, some who are unable to afford the high ticket prices (as much as S$10 on a Saturday night in Singapore) would be unable to go ape with the rest of their friends. File duplication without DRM would solve the scarcity problem in the short-run. Unrestrained by DRM, many consumers (with Internet access) could enjoy the film without having to pay at all. This extends to all kinds of media, ranging from music files to ebooks. Such a development could possibly provide for everyone, given that digital media can be reproduced easily and reliably. However, this level of duplication and distribution has never been actually tested in the real world, so its long-term impacts can only be guessed at. In the materialistic world, limited resources and insatiable human wants lead to scarcity, the most fundamental problem that all economists want to solve. Scarcity can never be eliminated but can be alleviated through replicating and sharing. From an economist's perspective, the most inspiring feature of digital resources is that it can be duplicated without affecting their qualities and at a minimum cost, provided no restriction is adhered. (I.e. more people can be satisfied through obtaining what they want, and at the same time the amounts of resources we have do not diminish). DRM may destroy the economical benefits a society can gain through safeguarding the resources. In the end, only a small fraction of the society, meaning the already- rich- enough producers, are the beneficiaries. Vote for CopyleftHideShow People who are strongly against DRM are usually copyleft supporters. Copyleft, as its name suggests, is the opposite of copyright. It is created based on the belief that all softwares are bond to serve public interests and the general public in turn is responsible for making improvements and upgrade the existing programs in order to continue to benefit themselves and other users of the same software. Apart from allowing free access to these softwares, copyleft movement also forbids any third party the right to exercise privatization of these open resources. One of the most well-know and plausible bench mark in copyleft history is the GNU project which aimed to develop a free software - GNU/Linux operating system. Such a movement is welcomed as it recognizes the consumers, not the few corporations, as the natural rights holders of the society's resources. In the case of copyleft, people do not see hackers as insidious security threats, but as heroes who are curious and talented enough to 'free' softwares for greater use. In fact, copyleft plays an important role in promoting cultural identity. As most human beings are money-sensitive, more than often, they will opt for the cheaper one if they have a choice. In order to disseminate culture-related programs as wide and possible, one of the crucial steps is to offer free access to that information. 'Creative Archive' is one of the most influential projects that British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has taken to do national good. Millions of pieces of news and media-worth stories are offered free for non-commercial use and they are financed through British taxes. BBC is by no means the sole supporter of copyleft, World-class educational institution Massachusetts Institute of Technology has also placed its courseware online for anyone, even for non-MIT students, to share under a Creative Common license. It is through this massive and extensive sharing and spreading of common property, people get to know the world better and enjoy more privileges that they can never imagine in a DRMed digital world. No wonder there are voices calling for DRM to be removed to make way for the proliferation of copyleft projects. Sony, one of the entertainment tycoons in music industry and the production of portable digital devices, sparked a series of heated debates on the fair use of DRM. Sony BMG was criticized for instilling a spyware-like program, called Rootkit, onto consumers' PCs without them knowing. Has Sony gone too far in copyright protection? Let us follow the story and examine its likely impact on the consumers and discuss what extent of DRM is socially acceptable in the case study of Sony. Page Sources:- The GNU project (http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html)- What is copyleft (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[18] = "Problems of existing DRM^existing.html1004^Nothing is perfect. This applies to the current DRM that we have. They may lack interoperability, cause inconvenience, susceptible to attacks and give rise to legislature ...^Problems of existing DRMNothing is perfect. This applies to the current DRM that we have. They may lack interoperability, cause inconvenience, susceptible to attacks and give rise to legislature issues. Flaws can be found in every aspect of DRM implementation, so let us take a closer look at some of them in detail.The ProblemsHideShowLack of interoperability The fact that all current DRM R&D are carried out by private companies means all technologies such as Apple's Fairplay system are now proprietary. Inevitably, the absence of interoperability between numerous DRM systems becomes one of the demerit points that deters people from embracing the new technology with open arms. The current internationally recognizable standardizations of DRM include IP measurement protocol (IPMP), Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) DRM and Digital Media Project (DMP). China as a fast growing economy also formed a working group to come out with its own AVS DRM standardization. The lack of standardization in DRM market brought much inconvenience to the consumers. Individual companies such as Apple, Microsoft and Sony invest in their own DRM which are largely incompatible. As a result, Music bought from iTunes can only be played on its appointed player - iPod. Consumer inconvenience Much adverse sentiments among the customers was generated when Mark Russinovich revealed in his Sysinternals Blog that some Sony BMG music CDs come with a Trojan horse-based DRM technology that surreptitiously installs itself as a Rootkit on Windows PCs. Worse still, the frustrating victims have to wait a couple of days for the uninstalling patch to come out, unless they want to cripple their CD-Rom devices by taking hasty action to delete the suspicious files. No wonder Sony Music has sparked a series of protests and boycott on the internet. Long before the Sony scandal can be settled, Windows Vista which claimed to build support for Output Content Protection Management (OCPM) into its system is again causing displeasure. Users who pay to upgrade their PCs have to spend thousands of dollars more to buy HDCP-enabled monitors in order to watch HD movies. In comparison, it may be more worthwhile to buy a secondhand car. Susceptible to attacks We put a question mark on the reliability and effectiveness of the existing DRM schemes. Anyone can undo the protection measures encrypted in digital contents with a small trick, let alone professional hackers. According to Gartner, it is amazingly simple to stop the XCP DRM technology used by Sony on its CDs from functioning. All we have to do is to stick a piece of scotch tape on the outer edge of the CD. By doing this the players will read directly from the inner part of the CDs where music data can be found, bypassing the XCP DRM technology which are written mainly around the rim. So, what is the point of spending five years and millions dollars researching on such a technology? As DRM involves many parties, the manufacturers, the distributors and the customers for instance, it is difficult to create a trusted operation system. So far, it has failed to fulfil its job of preventing piracy. Therefore, we can conclude that the current DRM is far from satisfactory. Law & Order As DRM is changing rapidly, the legislation of related laws is unquestionably lagged behind. Most of the time, it is hard to regulate the DRM market effectively using local laws especially in developing countries where citizens have very limited understanding of their legal rights. Rights resale It seems we are given a big cake when Apple decided to extend its DRM to allow Motorola handsets to download and play iTunes songs which are previously monopolized only by iPod. They claimed that consumers who cannot afford iPod can turn to Motorola for the same, although rather crippled, function. They give us an illusion that with the extension of DRM, we have more options over which and how long we wish to own a song. However, let us recall the pre-DRM world where songs in mp3 format are free for download, didn't we already have the rights that they try to sell to us now? It is not very different from a theft telling his victims that they can buy back the properties that have been stolen. Shorten battery life A fact that is seldom known by MP3 player users: the DRM written in sound track does not only lengthen the time needed to read the encrypted music files, but shortens the lifespan of its battery. There are many reasons why the actual time a battery can last is less than the stated rating. DRM is one of them. Playing a DRM format requires extra power to plough through the technical barrier before reaching the content protected inside. To ensure the license is always functioning, this extra process is repeated every time a soundtrack is played, causing faster wear and tear of the gadget. Music obtained from subscription service like Napster or Rhapsody comes in the WMA DRM 10 format. As CNET's test shows, the battery life of Creative Zen Vision:M is up to 16 hours, 2 hours more than the officially stated 14 hours. But upon playing solely WMA formats, the time span drastically decreased to merely more than 12 hours. Similar discrepancies are found in other players. According to CNET research, Archos Gmini 402 Camcorder capable of playing a maximum of 11 hours played for less than 9 hours when DRM sound tracks were used. Lifespan of iRiver U10 is reduced from 32 hours to 27 hours if the tracks are in DRM format. Even the iPod, playing back only FairPlay AAC tracks, underperformed MP3s by about 8 percent. Although battery life may not be a big concern to most consumers since researchers managed to prolong its life span with every release of a new device. However, to those who are more fastidious about the functions and quality of the portable players, the shortened lifespan can cause quite a lot of unhappiness among the customers. Page Sources:- IPMP (http://amp.nlanr.net/AMP/IPMP/)- OMA (http://www.openmobilealliance.org/)- Windows Vista, HDCP and DRM (www.pcstats.com/artvnl.cfm?articleID=1871)- Apple licenses iTunes to Motorola (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/07/27/apple_moto_itunes/)- Mp3s (http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/3646.html)- CNET (http://www.cnet.com/2001-1_1-0.html?tag=hd_ts) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[19] = "Obstacle to Promoting Free Culture^freeculture.html1004^How is DRM a form of restriction? How does it affect our access to opensource software? We look at DRM from the perspective of free culture.Jump To:The origin of ...^Obstacle to promoting free cultureHow is DRM a form of restriction? How does it affect our access to opensource software? We look at DRM from the perspective of free culture.Jump To:The origin of free softwareThe evolution of proprietary cultureCases against DRMMoving towards free cultureThe origin of free softwareHideShow The idea of free software is originally introduced and brought to reality by MIT researcher Richard Stallman and his colleagues. Stallman sensed a change in environment within which software was written. A few decades back, programmers used to work together and share the fruits of whatever they created. But coders today are increasingly conscious of their individual efforts and proprietary rights over their production, probably due to the changing mindset and transforming market structures. With the freedom of programming at stake, Stallman saw the need to restore the culture of sharing through the construction of a free operation system. Free Software Foundation was formed to develop free software. As with proprietary software, free software requires its users to agree on certain terms and conditions. Unlike protected software, free software is promised to be free and to remain free forever. All users have the freedom to run the programs at their wish. Dissemination and duplication of software to benefit a larger population are encouraged. Anyone is allowed to explore the source code and adapt them to suit his or her particular needs. Modification and improvements of existing software are welcomed and the improved versions are released to the public for further perfection. Inspired by Unix, Stallman and his team started to build a free operation system which is later known as GNU/Linux. It seemed to an impossible task since no individual or any team had ever successfully completed such a large-scale project before. The team started off with the structure and tools which are fundamental to the construction of a holistic system. These include the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the Emacs editor, the most essential part and delicate components of GNU. Progress followed once the project took off with a correct orientation. Later came the GNU General Public License, a brilliant step taken to protect the very notion of freedom emphasized by the initiators.The copyleft license made it compulsory for programmers to share whatever they had done to the free software for the welfare of the whole society. It sounded plausible to those believed in free sharing, but catastrophic to those wanted to benefit exclusively from their works. In fact, GNU itself is a result of collaboration between voluntary programmers and numerous add-ons from its supporters. In 1991, after six years' hard work, Stallman still could not find a suitable kernel for the operating system. Remember GNU is free software open for inspection? That means anyone interested in completing this system can go ahead to give it a kernel. Linus Torvals, a Finnish graduate, was the first one who integrated GNU by adding Linux to its operation. Revision and alternation has never stopped even after the completion of GNU/Linux system. That partially explains why by the end of 1990s, GNU/Linux became the toughest challenger of the absolute market power of Microsoft Windows operating system. The evolution of proprietary cultureHideShow There are a lot more about free software such as its commercial value in a competitive economy, but what we are interested here is its implication in building up a free culture. Free software, by opening up the door for every to observe and learn from the improvements, is expected to bring back the culture of transparency and openness that we have lost along our pursuit for exclusive rights and benefits. This is also the ultimate goal Stallman and other free software activists aimed to achieve. In order to understand better the need to restore the freedom we used to have, it is important to know how we have lost this freedom along the way. The drafting of copyright laws marked the beginning of a proprietary culture which emphasizes individual's ownership over their creations. At the baby step, copyright laws only served to protect a small range of creative works, namely 'maps, charts and books'. By 1831, it is extended to include music. By 1970, it was further expanded to cover other forms of art like paintings and sculptures and most importantly, derivative works such as translation, a work created based on another piece of work. The legislation change is justifiable since an increasing number of works are becoming reproducible or easily duplicated. As a result, the copyright laws are revised to forbid not only the 'publishing' and 'republishing' of other people's works, but also unapproved 'copying' of those works. This change did not have a significant impact in 1909 when copies are made mainly by printing machines, but later when copiers became a commonplace, the lawsuits dealt with illegal duplication of printing works surged exponentially. The expansion of law was marched by the abolishment of opt-in system. Initially, authors who wanted their newly released books protected under copyright law must opt in to copyright system, meaning they must register their works for the legal protection to take effect and renewal is compulsory after a given period of time. In another word, even though all creative works are eligible for protection, only a portion of these works are actually protected. In fact, no more than 50 percent of work published in the 19th century was registered and more than 80 percent of that registered work was never renewed. As a result, many of the works published at that time were still free to use. However in 1976, the system was replaced by an unconditional protective system. No more registration. No more renewal. All works created are automatically recognized by federal copyright law and any duplication or unauthorized use of these works was considered a federal offence. When it came to digital era, things were getting even more complicated. As works were converting from tangible to digital, making copies were not only easy and fast, but inevitable. It is perfectly OK to borrow a printed book from your friend since no copying is involved. But when you transfer an ebook from your friend's computer to yours, a copy is produced. Lending your CD to your classmates was not regulated by laws. But sharing a downloaded song with your peer was strictly monitored by Copyright Act. This means many ordinary acts in the past are viewed as an infringement of copyright law in digital context because every use produced a copy. Another profound change focused on the extent of punishment we give to copyright offenders. Infringement of copyright laws that was initially termed as an 'offence' had escalated into a 'criminal act'. The increase in fine and jail terms was correspondent to a rise in number of law breakers. If we combine all the changes that have taken place in the legislation of copyright, it is not hard to realize the law has not only become stricter, but also more far-reaching. That is to say the regulations have covered a wider scope of works, as well as a larger portion of the population. Together come with the regulations is the mindset of keeping things private and the cultural changes from freedom-oriented to proprietary inclined. Cases against DRMHideShow Rather than restricting just enough to address the rights of property holders, DRM has posted too much and too strict regulations on the ordinary use of digital resources, even more than what the expanded copyright laws cover. Put aside the over regulation whose effects on society still remain to be seen, there are two main arguments against the use of DRM. First of all, the DRM barrier shuts too many people off the prospering digital market. It caused great pain in developing countries where people are expecting more from internet but unable to pay for them. A poor student living in remote district of Korea may want to enrich himself through online learning, but he may not be able to realize his dream unless the subscription fee is subsidized by the government or the technological barrier is removed. Another point is less conspicuous but equally important. DRM confines our personal freedom and inhibits cultural transmission. Think about the human society as a whole. The core of our culture is about 'remixing'. For example, when you accidentally come across a well-written book, you will recommend them to your classmates. When you hear a good piece of music, you may want to circulate it among your friends, together with your joy. When you find a movie inspiring, you can go ahead to share it with your family members to stimulate more ambitious minds. Putting it in simpler terms, we are subjected to numerous pieces of creations like movie footages or unpolished programs in everyday life, and we are able to work on these existing resources to build our own refined or improved versions. It is not likely to depend only on your own past creations to well-remix a work. Therefore the use of other people's work is inevitable. In the process of sharing, spreading and exchanging, we commend, criticize or compliment the sources and authors. No matter our attitude is respectful or irritating to the source owner, this kind of practice should not be suppressed. A free remixing culture in which people have absolute freedom to combine or reform or alter whatever they want, being it as sound as arts and politics or as simple as a movie. Creativity is allowed to flow. The greater number of people participate in remixing, the greater the variety of originative inventions. Remixing is more easily practiced on a digital platform where physical obstacles are almost non-existent. iMovie program did not only lowered the price of production of a home-made movie, the greater implication is that more people, not just professional directors, are able to consolidate their wild imagination in self-filmed movies which may be valued higher than commercial blockbusters mad by Hollywood. Millions more creative products can be resulted from the free use and free remix of digital contents, provided no artificial barrier is present. However, the large-scale implementation of DRM which pushes copyright protection to its extremes denies the freedom we used to have. That means copyrighted products and contents, which counted the majority and usually the most useful of all available resources, are not retrievable without permission. Therefore, DRM is detrimental to the formation of a free digital culture. Since our life is being digitalized with increasing acceleration, the entire culture will be affected and altered in an unhealthy way. Moving towards free cultureHideShow Many see the movements towards free culture as an unrealistic Utopia and a futile try. They see programmers who write free software as generous donors who give without the expectation of receiving any reward. However, we should be aware that under free culture, what they used for the production is also free of charge. Free economy does exist. In fact it governed USA for a minimum of 187 years when the creative industry just started. It is a whole set of new ideas completely different from the proprietary mindset. Although we may not be aware of this, free economy is possibly more cost-effective than the proprietary one. Take the case of Brazil. Due to the overwhelming demand but a lack of purchasing power for newer and better IT products, piracy has prospered in the country. The United States complained about a one-billion-dollar loss due to piracy in Brazil. Brazil, aware of the United States copyright act, paid approximately one billion dollars to purchase licenses from its neighbor. Neither party managed to save cost. It is not respectful to overlook US copyright and neither is it legally justifiable to engage in mass production of pirated digital good. Therefore, Brazil decided to create its own free software to substitute the use of US technology. One government representative said in the World Social Forum &We're against software piracy. We believe Microsoft's rights should be respected. And the simplest way to respect their rights is for Brazilians everywhere to switch to free software&. In other words, the best way to prevent copyright infringement is not to use the copyright protected software at all. Brazil's minister of culture, Gilberto Gil, is pushing for a pragmatic reform of the copyright system. His ministry has launched a project called Points of Culture (Pontos de Cultura) that will build free-software studios, equipped with free software, in a thousand towns and villages throughout Brazil, enabling people to create culture using tools that support free cultural transmission. It is an ambitious project. But if Stallman alone can make a difference in a world deeply embedded in proprietary roots, we have hope to believe that Brazil will achieve, at least to some extent, their goals with the backup of a determined government. Page Sources:- Feature People (http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/06/issue/feature_people.asp)- Unix (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[20] = "Case Studies^casestudy.html1005^In this section, we'll look at some prominent DRM cases and a review on each of them. This section includes two interviews with key players of DRM that reveals the direct voices from ...^Case StudiesIn this section, we'll look at some prominent DRM cases and a review on each of them. This section includes two interviews with key players of DRM that reveals the direct voices from corporate world. Section ContentsHideShowCase Study: Sony's DRM Saga A case study of Sony's RootKit Saga Case Study: StarForce DRM A case study of StarForce's gaming DRM Case Study: Settec Alpha-DVD Protection A case study of Settec Alpha-DVD DRM Case Study: New Radio Broadcast Legislature A case study of the Broadcast flag Case Study: Windows Vista A case study of Windows Vista's new DRM Interview: Octoarts EMI Interview: Octoarts EMIInterview: VIVA Interview: VIVA Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[21] = "Case Study: Sony's DRM Saga^casestudy1.html1005^The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its ...^Case Study: Sony's DRM Saga The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its original purpose, consumers' rights are threatened as well. Let us explore Sony's DRM in detail. Sony's DRM SagaHideShow It all started in October 2005, when computing system expert Mark Russionovich gave a detailed account on his discovery of a Rootkit program which was automatically and insidiously installed in his computer upon playing Sony BMG's Get Right with the Man CD by the Van Zant brothers in his CD-ROM drive. The vivid description posted in Mark's Sysinternals blog has quickly sparked media interest and Sony was put under the limelight, although in an unpleasant position. It was soon discovered that the problematic program encrypted in the CD is called XCP, written by a small British consultancy First4Internet. It is found that the moment a consumer inserts a BMG CD into the CD-ROM drive of a PC, insidious software will be installed permanently in the hard drive without sending a warning message to the users. The sole purpose of hiding such a program in users' computers is to prevent potential hackers from decrypting the anti-copy codes. However, it became a serious security concern since it opened up a backdoor for hackers to conceal malicious Trojan Horses under the rootkit, exposing the PC to possible attacks and damages. Due to the nature of a rootkit, the operating system will fail to detect the presence of such a malware and most anti-virus software are unable to eliminate the hidden hazard. The subject was widely discussed on public forums and blogs. Many customers expressed their discontentment and outrage over Sony BMG's consumer-unfriendly software. It is viewed as an infringement of consumer rights and a lesson for the rest of the entertainment companies. This is not yet the end of the story. Russionovich also wrote in his blog that: 'The entire experience was frustrating and irritating. Not only had Sony put software on my system that uses techniques commonly used by malware to mask its presence, the software is poorly written and provides no means for uninstall. Worse, most users that stumble across the cloaked files with a RKR scan will cripple their computer if they attempt the obvious step of deleting the cloaked files.' This has obviously gone beyond people's tolerance. Sony's response to such a controversy is also far from satisfactory. It refused to admit that the software has done any real damage to the machines initially and the patches which can expose the concealed software are only available for certain registered users. Worse still, the software updated by Sony which is supposed to fix the rootkit problem was proven to be vulnerable. The public seems to have lost faith in Sony after the crisis. One entry on Freedom-To-Tinker says that: 'No doubt they'll ask us to just trust them. I wouldn't. The companies still assert - falsely - that the original rootkit-like software 'does not compromise security' and 'there should be no concern' about it. So I wouldn't put much faith in any claim that the new update is harmless.' Experiencing increasing pressure from protestant and mass media, Sony relented to recall all the CDs with affected XCP in late November and compensated its customers for their losses. According to unofficial statistics, more than two million CDs were distributed during that period. Time and resources were wasted on recollecting and exchanging those DRM encrypted disks. In the end, no one really benefitted from Sony's attempt to hold back copyright infringement through the implementation of XCP, not even the corporate world. In fact, Sony is the biggest loser of the entire incident. It is not only lawsuits that caused Sony much money and trouble, but also the loss of popularity and loyalty of its customers that may directly link to future business decline. DRM researchers also received much criticism and were trapped in the dilemma of corporate interests and consumer rights. Microsoft has publicly affirmed that its operating system would treat the rootkit as a virus and updates would be released soon to combat the bug. Several antivirus software companies, including the prominent Caspersky, have declared war against the potential pest. Perhaps the only ones who can clap at the saga are Sony's business opponents Apple and Microsoft whose products may appear comparatively more appealing thereafter. Sony's misadventure on DRM taught fellow companies in the entertainment industry the importance of knowing its technology well before implementing them in products. What Sony has done is not justified even under the name of copyright protection. It is okay for companies to use DRM as a measure to enforce the payments on certain services. However, it should not bring extra about inconvenience and risks to the consumers, especially paying users. People even suggest that the idea of using DRM to prohibit file copying is not workable in today's context. Given the vastness and variety of readily accessible information, our efforts to regulate file sharing and copying will eventually result in no avail. While all companies and software researchers are trying their best to strike a balance between corporate profits and consumer interests, we could perhaps consider the possibility of dropping the whole idea of DRM and adopting a brand new concept of property management. Page Sources:- Sony BMG's Costly Silence (http://businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2005/tc20051129_938966.htm)- Sony's digital rights management (http://web.vjc.moe.edu.sg/students/v05s64_angqs/tq/SonySummary.htm)- Mark's Sysinternals blog (http://www.sysinternals.com/blog/2005/10/sony-rootkits-and-digital-rights.html)- Antivirus firms target Sony 'rootkit' (http://news.com.com/Antivirus+firms+target+Sony+copy+protection/2100-1029_3-5942265.html) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[22] = "Case Study: StarForce DRM^casestudy2.html1005^The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its ...^Case Study: StarForce DRM The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its original purpose, consumers' rights are threatened as well. Let us explore StarForce's DRM in detail. StarForce DRMHideShow Other than the infamous case of Sony's Rootkit which insidiously install malware on a user's PC, there are many cases in which DRM protection system are proven to be hazardous. Although some of them did not make their way into the headlines, they are equally damaging where consumers' rights are concerned. StarForce, a company which provides DRM solutions for gaming companies, is one such example. Its copy protection system, designed to monitor any illegal performances on the user's PC, has posed a threat to its consumers since it can instantly reboot the system without warning. It was first disclosed by Futuremark that the StarForce's copy-protection system is not harmless. The system installs drivers on the computers which gain Ringo access (the highest level of access) to the computer, which in turn gives it the lowest access to any hardware or drivers on the computer. As a result, it is able to monitor any suspicious acts of copyright infringement, such as burning game files to a CD, and take action against them. The annoying thing is that due to the high level of access, the driver runs all the time, even at times when the StarForce DRM-protected game is not in use. Once a dubious file is scanned, the driver will force an instant reboot of the system without warning, giving no time for users to save their half-done work. Following are some extracts from the report. 'This latest identified threat by Futuremark* is one that relates to a driver being installed on your computer that gains RING0 access (the highest level of access to your computer). The installation requires administrator level access to install the driver, which runs all of the time regardless of whether or not you're playing a game with StarForce DRM. With such a high level of processor access (sharing the same level the operating system enjoys), the StarForce driver can do anything to your computer at any time. This very ability is demonstrated, since the StarForce driver will force a reboot (not a shutdown) when it thinks it has discovered suspicious activity related to copying. The reboot occurs instantly, and any and all unsaved data could be lost.' There are posts in public discussion forums complaining and relating their bitter encounters with StarForce. It is painful to lose a piece of unsaved work that you spent hours doing. Furthermore, the side effects of this copy protection system seem to be more than just rebooting. It also slows down the performance of PC. Sometimes, it even cracks the burning function in a PC. This is not the end of the story. More fallacies are revealed by unhappy users and perhaps dozens more are on their way to be discovered. To list a few, this DRM system interferes with Data Protection Manager (DPM) reading from software that is designed to enable game copies to be played back on a PC. As a result, any game that depends on DPM for playback will fail to work on PCs with StarForce driver installed. Other than that, some device drivers, under the interference of StarForce protection, will run in legacy PIO mode instead of the normal DMA mode, which not only causes lagging in operating system by hogging CPU resources, but also slows down the data transfer to the affected hardware. FutureMark, the online news agency which first reported the hidden dangers of the anti-piracy system, claimed officially that they did not make an investigation on StarForce. StarForce should have so far learnt about the consequences of invading its users' PCs from Sony's case. There is no response from StarForce yet. However, apologies and compensations prove important if StarForce wishes to save its ruined reputation and already declining demand. Page Sources:- StarForce instant reboot (http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/13212)- Starforce DRM said to force reboots (http://www.engadget.com/2006/03/21/starforce-drm-said-to-force-reboots/)- Futuremark corporation (http://www.futuremark.com/news/?newsarticle=200603/2006032104#200603/2006032104)- Public discussion board 1 (http://discuss.futuremark.com/forum/showflat.pl?Cat=&Board=gaminggeneral&Number=5997772)- Public discussion board 2 (http://www.gamerswithjobs.com/node/22746?from=90&comments_per_page=30) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[23] = "Case Study: Settec Alpha-DVD Protection^casestudy3.html1005^The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not ...^Case Study: Settec Alpha-DVD Protection The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its original purpose, consumers' rights are threatened as well. Let us explore Settec's DRM in detail. Settec Alpha-DVD ProtectionHideShow Many companies attempt to protect their commercial interests by adopting DRM to prevent unauthorized copying in their products. But some of them are disappointed by the performance of these poorly-implemented copy-protection systems. Settec is a Korean company that operates digital contents security. In line with the growing threat of DVD piracy and the incapacity of incumbent protection system such as CSS and APS to secure the movie contents scrambled in a DVD,s it developed its own anti-copying system called Alpha-DVD protection which protect DVDs using multi-layered encryption technology. It claimed that 'Alpha-DVD technology is applied to DVD so that it is completely transparent to legal users while allowing them full compatibility as normal unprotected DVDs. However, when ripping is attempted, errors will occur, notifying either ripping is not possible or the ripping tools recognize no disc.' However, traces showed that Alpha-DVD did not live up to its promises. Firstly, it is not as 'transparent' as claimed since its anti-copying effect is so drastic that it interferes with the normal function of a computer. Secondly, once the protection is in place, it is tedious to remove it even with Settec's uninstallation tool. Last but not least, it is possible and quite easy to overcome the DRM and playback the DVDs on PC, contradicting its claim that 'The movie contained on this DVD usually cannot be played back on PC'. According to Kinowelt, 'Mr. & Mrs. Smith' was the first German video-DVD which incorporated Alpha-DVD protection system into its visual contents. A German magazine Heize featured a detailed report on this matter. The process of installing generally goes like this. When you ran a protected CD on your PC, a dialog box would pop up asking you to accept the End User License Agreement (EULA) with the following text: 'In order to activate this technology, a software adaption has to be made on your computer [...]. This includes a modification of the operating system, that has been evaluated by the manufacturers of these systems and found to be harmless.' We can see that Settec has done much better than Sony BMG where installation alert is concerned. Unlike Sony which hides its rootkit on the PC system without warning, Settec had made an effort to send a message to ask for permission and notify users about effecting changes on the system. This shows a company's respect for its customers' privacy and is basic courtesy that every corporation should adopt. A user could choose either 'I agree' or 'I don't agree'. Of course the latter will cause Windows to eject the DVD while the former automatically installs three files into the PC to effect the copy-protection function. Even though the system is carefully examined before its release, the operation system is not that 'harmless', as suggested by Heise. Some users said that under the Alpha-DVD system, visual disks and burners are completely inaccessible. Heise tested this out in its office and the outcomes were: one of them cracked down before accepting EULA; Another one was barely working, spoiling the RW disk along the way. The third one managed to burn the CD at a subnormal speed, writing data only instead of video DVD. We cannot blame Settec for setting its control so strict, but it seems a bit overboard as it not only stops the burning function, but ruined the devices altogether. It is akin to chasing thieves out of our house and surrendering them to the police in order to safeguard our property. But should we beoverdoing it by beating them to death? If one gets too agitated with the radical surveillance, Settec offered a way to uninstall the program which may unfortunately be more complicated than necessary. One needs to go through a series of steps, including keying in a 32-character alphanumeric code, and agreeing on a few licenses before it eventually gets removed from the computer. If one of Settec's ideas is to make playback of DVD on PC difficult, if not impossible, it still have a long way to go before achieving that goal. Simply by deactivating the autorun function or keeping the shift key pressed upon inserting the DVD, the DRM system will not be activated and the disk can be played back without problems. Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE) users do not even see the protection if their system was set to start with the media center interface. MCE blocks autorun of DVD-ROM contents in a way similar to the software DVD player TheaterTekDVD. Alternatively, we can get over with it by starting to run a DVD player before clicking on the dialog box either to accept or reject the EULA. Even with DRM in place, we still see copies of movies circulating around the Internet. We can always figure out a way to surpass DRM and play the protected files through either collective work or individual discovery. A large population is relying on these free movies for entertainment so that the backup tools which can make and store copies are ever thriving. Therefore, the protection systems, no matter how hard the producers try to make foolproof, are vulnerable and breakable in one way or the other. Perhaps the best way to protect the movie DVD industry is to make it cheap enough so that the cost of purchasing an authentic DVD is lower than the risk of facing legal charges. Page Sources:- Settec Alpha-DVD protection used on German Mr.& Mrs.Smith (http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/13038)- Alpha audio (http://www.settec.com/eng/pro_alphadvd.htm)- Kinowelt (http://www.kinowelt.de/)- Settec : Alpha-DISC Protection Page (http://uninstall.settec.com/eng/)- Heise (http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/69211)- TheaterTekDVD (http://www.theatertek.com/Products/original_tour.html) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[24] = "Case Study: New Radio Broadcast Legislature^casestudy4.html1005^The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not ...^Case Study: New Radio Broadcast Legislature The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its original purpose, consumers' rights are threatened as well. Let us explore the New Radio Broadcast Legislature in detail. New Radio Broadcast LegislatureHideShow A new legislation of audio transmission and reception, Audio Broadcast Flag Licensing Act of 2006, was introduced by House Representative Mike Ferguson and received positive responses from legislators. The newly-drafted bill requires all audio contents to be flagged. That means a special tag (flag) which uniquely defines the terms of use of audio contents will be embedded in the signals that are transmitted. Recipients who receive the signals also receive the attached flag and they are required to obey the regulatory measures it states. In this case, 'Commission licencees that transmit digital audio broadcast signals or that manufacture digital audio receiving devices' are required to 'implement a Broadcast Flag technology to protect digital audio content', and all electronic devices manufacturers are required to obtain licenses from the FCC before producing any recording or playback gadgets. Of course, FCC's approval depend on whether DRM limitations are well imposed on the capability of the devices. The primitive aim of broadcasting flag legislation is to stop 'indiscriminate unauthorized copying and redistribution of certain digital audio content over digital networks', as phrased in the bill. RIAA stands firm behind the legislation. It argues that allowing listeners to record music from radio and further spread it through making copies would result in the loss of motivation of the entertainment industry as their sales reduce. Firms' lack of innovation will be keenly felt by customers as they may not have the incentive as well as monetary basis to produce new products and better services. Free recording of music that is still hotly on sale is also unfair and devastating to legitimate downloading services such as iTunes which will lose billions due to the circulation of recorded music. With the advancement in digital technology, the quality of songs and rate at which they can be processed will be rising dramatically. Manufacturers who see this fast expanding market are likely to pour money and energy into this field to produce even more powerful machines that enable consumers to make their own collection of songs out of the radio music they listen to. It is not wrong for RIAA to back up corporations which are driven mainly by profits. However, the prevention of unauthorized, not necessarily illegal, use of audio content will inevitably conflict with consumers' right to make personal or non-commercial use of any recordable content under fair use. For example, consumers are previously permitted to make backup copies of what they hear from the radio for future reference or occasional review. In cases where you cannot listen to the radio received by your device immediately due to spoilt earphones, you would surely want to transfer it to another device for playing. However, these truly 'innocent' acts are termed unlawful in suspect that you are going to rip them and share through P2P software such as BT or eDonkey. In short, some legal operations we used to do under the governance of fair Use are now no longer tolerated because they are unauthorized by the broadcasting and other music companies. Therefore, broadcast flag is doing more than what it should do. It is designed only to prevent unrestricted distribution of copies on internet while RIAA forbids recording any audio content even though the representative from RIAA kept emphasizing that they are not intending to stop the 'casual recording' by customers, but forbidding 'broadcast programs to be automatically captured and then disaggregated, song by song, into a massive library of music.' He defined devices capable of recording the radio as devices that turn radio into download services, which is obviously incomplete and inaccurate. Broadcast flag does not stand alone. It comes with another technology named secure moving technology which acts like a DRM shield that not only guarantees all playback devices follow whatever restrictions the broadcast flag declares, but also makes sure no one can do anything novel to the content which are not recognized and stated in the flag. To rephrase it with a little bit of interpretation, we can see that no innovative use of digital content is allowed. In other words, the new legislation is killing creative ideas and possible inventions in fear of consumers' misadventures into the piracy of recorded music. With regard to the criticism and suspicions, RIAA resolves all possible problems by granting exceptions. Congress says they will consider exception on a one-to-one basis to address any inadequacies in the bill. Nevertheless, broadcast flag remains the most balanced solution to remedy the severe piracy problem. However, analysts are not so optimistic about the outcome of the legitimacy. Experts know that exceptions will not work as efficiently as we thought by looking at the case of DMCA. Even the senators believe that broadcast flag will never stop piracy. The most we can expect is to have it served as a deterrence to cushion down the accelerating rate of illegal copying. Implementing the technology is also not going to be easy since many recording or radio signal receiving devices are already manufactured or worse still, out in the market. The cost of collecting them back and modifying the already made machines to support DRM is high. If manufacturers are unwilling the bear the extra cost, who should be paying the additional expenses? Consumers or content sellers who are the ultimate beneficiary of the technology? Page Sources:- New radio broadcast legislation (http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060303-6310.html)- Audio Broadcast Flag Licensing Act of 2006 (http://www.eff.org/IP/Video/HDTV/fergus_bill.pdf)- Big Content would like to outlaw things no one has even thought of yet (http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060121-6025.html)- The RIAA gets its say (http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/broadcast-flag.ars/3)- Wikipedia: Broadcast flag (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Flag) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[25] = "Case Study: Windows Vista^casestudy5.html1005^The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its ...^Case Study: Windows Vista The big players: Sony, StarForce, Settec, RIAA and Windows, implement their own forms of DRM to protect their media content. However, some not only did not acheive its original purpose, consumers' rights are threatened as well. Let us explore Microsoft Windows Vista in detail. Windows VistaHideShow Like it or not, neither software companies nor content providers showed their intention to play down the use of DRM despite all the controversies it generated in the past few years. Instead, they are teaming up to come up with more advanced versions of DRM. Microsoft, in collaboration with big content vendors such as Hollywood media giants, tightened its control over media content played on its system by introducing a new set of restrictive features in its new Windows Vista System. Past experience shows that DRM is not quite right in the way it dealt with piracy. It has limited success in deterring organized high-volume piracy while its effects were painfully felt by casual users, who make occasional copies for personal indulgence. In other words, only the consumers who are not all technological-wise suffered from the omnipresent restrictions whereas the sophisticated pirates can always find ways to produce illegal copies despite all the technical obstacles set up against them. The Straits times, the predominant Singapore newspaper, gives a very good analogy: 'It (DRM) is a classic case of when the elephants fight (content companies against pirates), it is the grass (consumers) that gets trampled.' So, in the case of Windows Vista, are consumers going to be 'trampled' again? The answer depends on how you look at it. According to Microsoft Windows Media division's senior product manager, Mr. Marcus Matthias, Microsoft is just providing an infrastructure that supports all kinds of DRM technology used by different content companies. Whether the companies engage in DRM is their own choice. One well-known but controversial example is its support for High Definition Copy Protection (HDCP) developed by Intel. HDCP is used primitively to ensure that high definition movies or TV content cannot be captured or copied between the origin of the signal and television sets or other devices that display the signal. In order to play HD-DVD on its system, Windows built support for Output Content Protection Management (OCPM) as part of its integrated DRM system, in order to play HD-DVD on the PCs. What caused the outcry is that only HDCP-enabled monitor can display the HD-DVD content in its best quality. Other monitors can display such contents, according to Microsoft, but as blurred images. Therefore, to fully enjoy the high quality of the new generation of DVDs on Vista, consumers have no choice but to update their monitor and graphics to a better version. This incurs a considerable amount of money which will be a big concern for some users. However, as HD videos and movies, as predicted, will eventually be prevalent, replacing past generation old monitors with HDCP monitors is only a matter of time. Hence, Vista's requirement is still considered reasonable and acceptable to most users. It is not the first time Windows has implemented such a system. Early in 2002, Microsoft started to create a trusted computing system on which no programs capable of duplicating media are allowed to run alongside the media. When Mr. Marcus Matthias was asked why his company chose to strengthen the use of DRM at this point of time, he gave us the same over-repeated but logical argument: 'Content protection is a reality of the market today. The PC needs to provide the flexibility that makes it such a compelling entertainment device, while also providing some of the benefits that historically are associated with consumer electronics devices, so that there is incentive for content owners to create new content and provide it to the PC, and that there is demand from consumers for that content.' Although Vista works well with a DRM-encrypted CD, it does not automatically distinguish an authentic CD from a pirated one. Therefore, all sorts of media content and software work normally on the system regardless of how they are obtained. This may be good news to people living in poorer regions where piracy is a necessary evil. It is Microsoft's strategy to gain trust from content providers, and at the same time, stay appealing to its customers whose preferences directly determine its profits. Page Sources:- Windows Vista (Archived STI News) (http://web.vjc.moe.edu.sg/students/v05s64_angqs/tq/Content's%20new%20Vista.mht)- Windows Vista (http://www.pcstats.com/artvnl.cfm?articleID=1871) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[26] = "Interview: Octoarts EMI^interview1.html1005^Our team member, Angelicum managed to arrange an interview with two established record companies, Octoarts EMI and VIVA, both being an active player in the world of DRM. Here, ...^Interview: Octoarts EMIOur team member, Angelicum managed to arrange an interview with two established record companies, Octoarts EMI and VIVA, both being an active player in the world of DRM. Here, we bring you our exclusive interviews which you cannot get anywhere else. We'll now hear what the corporate world has to say.Octoarts EMIHideShow An Interview with an Officer in Charge for Luzon, Octoarts EMI Angelicum: Thanks for the time and for agreeing to be on this interview. I'll start off quickly by asking you if DRM is a big issue for your company, do you use any DRM medium in one of your products? EMI: If you look at the whole context of DRM, certainly it is a huge issue that not even we can explain in one sitting. On this side we know that no one has a right to copy and distribute other people's trademark or copyright, on the other side you realize that everyone is doing it but they don't have the knowledge at all about DRM and you can't blame them for doing so. We use DRM on our Compact Discs; this prevents people from burning the CDs for more than 2 times and prevents the 2 copied CDs from being burned again ever. Now you may ask why we let them burn it 2 times when we can prevent them from burning it successfully in the first place. A brief explanation would be, a huge number of the fan base of the artists under our recording company can be called super fanatics that sometimes they keep the original CDs for keeps and use the burned ones instead. We also allow burning to our consumers to have backup copies, which is better for us too than letting them claim a brand new copy when something happens to their CDs. We have had several feedbacks before about it when we still implement the 100% unburnable CDs, thus we try to accommodate the requests since a huge number of the consumers are loyal ones, we truly value and respect their opinion. We try to adjust as much as possible depending on our consumers feedback, thus this system I am explain you is only applicable here in Luzon. Angelicum: How effective is your DRM medium though? Have you had concrete assurance that your CDs were not copied more than twice? Does it make visible the expected results on numbers of pirated versions of your products? EMI: It has been effective somehow, and we see a great decrease on numbers of pirated CDs from our products. In 2003 we have a reported 67,090 numbers of confiscated products from us and in 2005 it's down to 13,800. However, these statistics are the officially recorded ones, in average we can say that multiplying it by 3 is an understatement. Nonetheless the DRM implementation helped a lot. Angelicum: I see, but have you conducted any kind of study how the rest of the 13,800 are were able to pass your DRM strategy? EMI: Not any formal study. However, it is very obvious that if you're in a third world country where 45% of the people admitted that they are getting hungry everyday, then least you can expect is that they will find ways to be able to have a good or almost enough income. On the documentary, I don't know if you have watched it, it's been revealed that by using the oldest of technologies, people can still record our products and whatever product it is but with a huge decrease of quality. On that documentary, this certain music stall plays a music album out of a CD player and records it using a cheap microphone through a recorder. It suffers a lot the quality but nonetheless, a quality that is be enough for consumers, who are as same as the illegal sellers are poor and can only afford the cheapest of CDs to be entertained and contented. Angelicum: So you are saying this is about the condition of certain regions that piracy and illegalities are in-demand? EMI: Not necessarily but somehow yes. Asia I believe, especially China is the biggest source of illegally distributed digital products be it music albums on CDs or films on VCDs and DVDs. Almost all of the time, even before the movie plays on the cinemas in The United States, they surprisingly already have a copy for you! Angelicum: Yes I know, to be honest, many of my friends and even my brother do buy just for the sake of being first! On a different note, as an individual, have you ever bought any CDs that are pirated? EMI: I will have to admit it, of course, who doesn't? Sometimes you will think it's normal, it's a way of life, but looking at the situation deeper you will realize it's definitely wrong. My son and I have discussed this before, and I find myself at the middle of something I guess I can never explain for real. On our personal computer alone, I am very certain that 100% of the 1,200 songs on it are downloaded via Bearshare, where legalities are never sure. I even downloaded songs of our artists from it just to have a copy on my PC. You know it's really complicated thinking that I am against trademark, copyright and intellectual theft but I still somehow tolerate it, even not on the maximum level, still I do. Angelicum: Good that you open it up. I have a question though about the online versions of your songs. Do your songs have any legal downloading and streaming online? Do your DRM includes prevention of online or software uploading? EMI: We only have one legal free download area of our songs but they are not a complete version, just a preview version of songs via a lyric site that we are partners of. Our DRM doesn't include yet prevention of uploads and software writing but it's in the pipeline, it takes time with research and development. Angelicum: I see. How about your artists? As singers what are their opinions on this matter? EMI: All of them are against the idea of letting people acquire pirated versions of their albums. All of them had a pledge not to sign autographs on fake CDs. Especially some of the artists that has a Royalty contract, they certainly are against it. Royalty is when you have a percentage of sales on each sales. Angelicum: Ahh really, that's unfortunate for those fans really. Anyhow any last message? EMI: It's difficult to have a message when you just said you tolerate your son to download illegal copies online (LAUGHS). Anyhow, for consumers, as it will always be, know your right; be aware of what you buy. It's just the right and the left turn, turn right and your right are covered, you can replace your products when something bad happened, turn left (buying pirated) and you buy your product without any right whatsoever. Online-wise I can't give any advice as I am not much of an Internet person, surely I will have to learn it first and it might be a long road ahead. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[27] = "Interview: VIVA^interview2.html1005^Our team member, Angelicum managed to arrange an interview with two established record companies, Octoarts EMI and VIVA, both being an active player in the world of DRM. Here, we bring ...^Interview: VIVAOur team member, Angelicum managed to arrange an interview with two established record companies, Octoarts EMI and VIVA, both being an active player in the world of DRM. Here, we bring you our exclusive interviews which you cannot get anywhere else. We'll now hear what the corporate world has to say.VIVAHideShow Interview with VIVA AMY. VIVA is a recording company managing a pool of their exclusive talents in Asia countries: Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, South Korea, Guam and India. Angelicum: Good morning , as you may have know by now I will be asking questions for you, as I feel it is most appropriate to have a point-of-view from someone who's implementing the distribution of products that implements legal terms and conditions and Digital Right Management. VIVA: Good morning Angelicum, I appreciate your invitation for this interview. Hopefully, I'll give you justice in giving you information on how it works within the industry especially now that film and music piracy is rampant and somehow getting very vulgar as time goes by. Angelicum: Thanks again for committing your time for the Interview. Perhaps I can pick up my first question from what you said, can you explain briefly, what do you mean that somehow piracy is rampant and progressively vulgar especially on Asian regions? VIVA: Vulgar. What I mean is that, these pirates who sell burned CDs are selling music compilations as well as films on malls, streets and specialty stores in a manner that even if they know its illegal are still there and not thinking twice. Here in the Philippines for example, the Media Boards formed a committee to eradicate piracy as it disabled the music and film industry big time with a lost of almost a billion dollars in a year. However, even after all the actions taken, we can still see rampant distribution of fake copies of these CDs, VCDs and DVDs that not only our company produces but others as well. Not only that, as circulation manager in Asia, I see first hand that it's a continent-wide problem. In Taiwan for example, the sales ratio of product bought original and fake is 1 is to 230 which means in each CD/VCD/DVD bought from us, there sure will be 230 more that will be bought from illegal distributor thus the product itself is illegal and not original. Angelicum: I see now, so basically for someone from the industry, you believe that only those who paid for your products should benefit from it? Thus, these purchasers should as well follow the terms and conditions which prohibit copying and redistributing without any legal entity agreement with your company? VIVA: Certainly, as the saying goes, there is no such thing as free lunch. However let me explain to you this. Yes I believe that those who paid should be the only ones to benefit from our products, but it doesn't mean that if you buy something from our registered legal retailers that you cannot watch a movie with your friends or listen to music with your friends or let them borrow it on that manner. Also, not because you paid means you're on the right track, please do consider that pirated CDs/VCDs/DVDs are also sold but in a price that is 50% up to 97% lower than the original price of the legal product thus giving interest to the end user, who doesn't want a lower price? However, these consumers are not aware that when they get illegal products in lower prices is that they are getting way lower quality, shorter lifespan of the product and with no absolute security and protection for themselves. Since illegal distributors are most likely unregistered, consumers are not covered with basic rights on sales, returns, and the like. We are of course against free downloading and streaming of our music compilations and we don't agree that consumers should be given a free will to redistribute our products through file transferring protocols and other medium through internet, flash drives or burned CDs. Angelicum: I see, but still we can obviously see that many if not all of your music albums and movies are being pirated and illegally copied then distributed. May I know your steps in protecting your products and consumers? Are you implementing them now or are you planning to integrate the present action to better protect your products? VIVA: First we keep our terms and conditions intact, these includes a message of legal notices which let the consumers realize that the product has a copyrighted trademark and copying and redistribution is illegal. We have laws on intellectual property, copyright and trademark rights. We have had more than a thousand raids in the Philippines, Taiwan, and Indonesia with the help of the governments to confiscate illegally copied products. Also depending on the country, we have a minimum of a week to a maximum of 2 years imprisonment for retailers who sells illegally copied products not only of which the ones we produced but other companies as well. So far, this has been effective with a miniscule result, after being raided, you can see them pop up again like mushrooms, but nonetheless progressive. In Indonesia for example, after implementing the raids, the over-all raise on sales of original products has gain 12%. When it comes to online distribution and digital right, that is where we see a major problem. It has been very difficult for us to control distributions and streaming on the internet. First we have to trace the violators which is almost as difficult as tracing the end users. Angelicum: You say that you have had raids and many cases of streaming visibility online which means that your products are successfully copied and this redistributed either paid or non-paid. What DRM are you using and why was the products still copied after all the efforts? VIVA: We use a software that let our CDs be uncopyable, it's a process from the glass lining to the sound formatting, unfortunately I can't give you more details for obvious reasons. However, violators can easily still play these music via manual acquisitions and have it recorded crisply by a CD or cassette player. Making it easier for them to format music albums, in a way that can easily be copied. Angelicum: Are you saying that DRM is a failure on your part in that manner? VIVA: Not necessarily. The DRM implementations still prevented about 30% of violators to copy and illegally distribute our albums, so to say it still is helpful and still has a result that diminishes the problem. See, consider a developing country or yet underdeveloped country, these areas are where we see most violations. People here need something to earn profit from, so badly that they find ways, even risking their lives and dignity just to have an income. Knowing that the generation today are mostly consisting of people who look up to their favorite superstar, I can't help but understand that this is one of the best way to have an income either legal or not. Many times we consider this not as an issue of theft anymore but more of an issue of poverty and the needs of society. Getting back to the point, I can say that DRM is somehow effective, but we don't expect a 100% or not even 80% eradication of violations. Angelicum: So what are your further steps to fill up the remaining 20, 30 or 40%? Are you doing something else aside from DRM implementation to protect your products? VIVA: First, it is not just to protect our products, it is also 50% to protect our consumers and buyers to that note because as a company with marketing strategy, we want our customer to benefit something from us that they can say is exclusive for them, we want them to have a voice when something unlikely turns in like malfunctioning and the likes. Basically these things can never happen outside of the legal entity. To answer your questions, other step we are doing is massive information disseminations. We have TV commercials, brochures and print-ads around Asia which campaigns against illegal theft and copying of products like CDs, VCDs, DVDs and even books. These materials contain a lot of information about the do's and the don'ts thy why's and the how's of everything that concerns the issue of buying illegal digi-products. Angelicum: That would be all, I really appreciate your time and willingness to share your side. Thank you very much. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[28] = "Worldwide Legislature^legislature.html0000^This section provides references to the legal papers set in different countries. These are mostly laws protecting intellectual property. Accompanying examples are also provided ...^Worldwide LegislatureThis section provides references to the legal papers set in different countries. These are mostly laws protecting intellectual property. Accompanying examples are also provided for your reading pleasure.Jump To:Singapore CopyrightUS - First Sale DoctrineUS - DMCAUS - DMCA 1201US - DMCA OdditiesOther linksSingapore CopyrightHideShow IPOS stands for Intellectual property of Singapore. It takes charge of all issues related to intellectual property rights in Singapore, including patents, trademarks, copyright and many more. The rules are constantly being amended, hence, it will be better to visit their website for an updated version of the rules. Let us take a look at a copyright publication which is more related to DRM. Pub Date: 19/08/2005 | Pub: ST | Page Headline: When downloading songs is illegal | Subject: Internet, Singapore Copyright Q. What actions are illegal on the Internet? What penalties will I face? A. Downloading, distribution and sharing of any copyrighted song without permission is illegal.From Jan 1 this year, if anyone downloads, shares or distributes extensively, even if they don't profit from any sale, he or she has committed an offence. Distributing pirated songs is punishable by jail terms of up to five years and fines of up to $100,000. Extensive downloading of pirated songs is punishable by jail terms of up to six months and fines of up to $20,000. Q. My friend e-mails me a file labelled 'homework' and I open it to find a pirated song. I delete it. Am I guilty of any offence? A. It is not illegal to receive infringing subject matter. Q. What happens when I download a song like You Are My Sunshine, where the copyright has expired? Is it legal? A. Yes it is. Generally, a song is protected for the span of the author's life and 70 years after he or she dies. When it expires, it goes into what people call the 'public domain', which means people can enjoy it freely. Q. If I am 12 years old and I download and share pirated songs, will legal action also apply to me? A. Yes. Youths under 16 can be prosecuted in the Juvenile Court. Court orders that may be made by the Juvenile Courts in general include fines and detention at the Singapore Boys Home, Toa Payoh Girls' Home and so on, but there are no jail terms. Q. Will I get a warning first before I get charged? A. The decision to charge and prosecute lies with the enforcement authorities. Whether one will get a warning first will vary from case to case. Q. How do I know whether the songs in my computer or MP3 player are legal? A. If you didn't buy it from a legal site like Soundbuzz, it is probably illegal. Plus, when you buy a CD, the rights only apply to the CD; this means you cannot rip songs out and make them into MP3s for your player. Generally, it's advisable to check the terms and conditions of use before you make a copy of the songs. US - First Sale DoctrineHideShow Under copyright law, the owner of a legally-obtained copy of a work may create compilations, or re-sell the copy in the Used Goods market. First-sale doctrine is an exception to copyright codified in the US Copyright Act, section 109. The doctrine of first sale allows the purchaser to transfer (i.e. sell or give away) a particular, legally acquired copy of protected work without permission once it has been obtained. If the copyright owner licenses someone to make a copy (such as by downloading), then that copy (meaning the tangible medium of expression onto which it was copied under license, be it a hard drive or removable storage medium) may lawfully be sold, lent, traded or given away. Furthermore, copyright law does not restrict the resale of copyrighted works (provided those copies were made by or with the permission of the copyright holder), so it is perfectly legal to resell a copyrighted work provided a copy is not retained by the seller. Some records and certain software do not apply the first-sale doctrine. US copyright case law supports that consumers cannot make copies of computer programs without a license, but may resell what they own. Thus, most legal DRM actions are undertaken in US courts, against commercial entities that handle such digital media. Different states in the USA also have varying copyright and DRM legislation, so a case had different legal standing depending on where it is heard. Furthermore, US courts may not adjudicate cases of copyright/DRM infringement outside the USA; to this end they turn to diplomatic ties to instate laws in offending countries, such as the establishment of Singapore-USA Free-Trade Agreement conditional of the instatement of copyright enforcement. Legislative measures are the first steps copyright holders take against unwanted duplication, as technological measures are costly and slow to implement. However, as legal enforcement of copyright is complex at best, copyright holders are increasingly turning to DRM technologies to prevent 'unlawful' duplication and dissemination of digital media. Some examples: 1) DIVX: The consumer (who has bought a DIVX Silver DVD disk, entitling him to unlimited usage) has his account information recorded on the disk itself. His DVD player must be connected to a phone line to receive verification codes that allow the DVD to be played. Should the consumer wish to play the DVD somewhere else, he must physically transport his DVD player to another location with a phone line and notify DIVX services and transfer the phone line activation to another DVD machine. This system prevents the some legal uses (i.e. compilation creation), as well as sale (or even lending) of the DVD due to the original consumer's information recorded on the disk. By using these technical measures, the DIVX system was able to thwart the buyer's right of first-sale and other fair use rights. 2) CSS: used in DVDs, this tool encrypts the data within, and can only be unlocked by use of an encryption key in a DVD player. However, the DVD players are manufactured such that unlicensed copying of the data is prevented. Furthermore, CSS DVDs cannot be played on computer platforms. This restricts fair use and first purchaser rights; you can't even duplicate a DVD for your children's use (which is technically still within one household, and within consumer rights). US - DMCAHideShow The most prominent legislative instrument in the DRM industry is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, signed into law in the USA on October 28, 1998, and later copied in various forms worldwide. Its closest imitator is the EU Copyright Directive, passed by the European Union on March 10, 2004. DMCA is comprised of 5 titles, numbered 1 to 5. Of most import are Titles 1 and 2; the rest are basically amendments to the Act that cover several practical and legislative loopholes. DMCA Title 1 has two portions: Main legislature on the Act. Includes a number of previous treaties in the US justice system over copy-prevention laws; DMCA anti-circumvention provisions. These implement a broad ban on the circumvention of copy prevention systems and required that analogue video recorders have copy prevention built in. Thus, if somehow I am able to overcome a DRM technology and copy media without permission, I can be charged under this provision. DMCA Title 2 is the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. This impressive mouthful protects online service providers against copyright liability. That is to say, if a user of an Internet service provider commits copyright infringement using their networks, the service provider cannot be sued as accomplices in the crime. This is a rather logical, but necessary step, as online service providers accept no responsibility in the actions of their customers. The service providers must adhere to a number of guidelines before this title is extended to them. Furthermore, they must promptly block access to a user if they are notified of copyright infringement by a copyright holder or agent. A counter-notification is included, which requires restoration of the material to the copyright holder, and a provision for subpoenas to identify and thus prosecute infringers. This portion of the DMCA is especially useful to the DRM industry. ISPs are natural adopters of DRM, and their legal protection against liabilities will allow for the growth and maturation of the DRM market and technological innovation. True to its intent, the DMCA has been useful in preventing the proliferation of pirated media. Mostly, products and services deemed by judicial courts to be in violation of the DMCA are taken off production; if these products are the only viable ones in a company's portfolio the company is soon forced out of business. An example of this would be DVD X Copy, produced by 321 Studios in the USA. The company produced DeCSS algorithm for overcoming copy-protection in DVDs for commercial retail. 321 Studios' rationale was that it would allow consumers to copy and edit their DVD music and movies as they have in the past, despite the legislative and technical prohibitions. A federal judge enjoined 321 Studios, taking its product off the market and forcing the company to close. US - DMCA 1201HideShow DMCA 1201 is the anti-circumvention provision in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The provision was meant to stop copyright pirates from defeating anti-piracy protections added to copyrighted works, and to ban devices intended for that purpose. DMCA 1201 has two portions: Prohibits the act of circumventing a technological measure used by copyright owners to control access to their works ( i.e. against the law to hack DVD encryption); Outlaw the manufacture, sale, distribution or trafficking of equipment and programs that make circumvention possible. They include both circumventing access and copy controls. Currently there exists some debate on the legal applications of the DMCA 1201. Primarily used as a means to prosecute individuals who find a way around DRM in various media, it is quite successful in its function. As there are ways in which DMCA 1201 has been used to the agreement of most involved, there are areas in which it has been abused, or falls short of its intended function: 1) DMCA 1201 has been used by manufacturers attempting to create artificial monopolies for their products. This would allow them to restrict the production of their own commodities and thus control prices. Lexmark, producer of printing equipment such as printers and ink cartridges, attempted to use DMCA 1201 in 2004 to block the production of 'third-party ink' cartridges. 'Third-part ink' refers to printing cartridges made by competing manufacturers that are compatible with Lexmark printers. This is done by making printing cartridges that fit the printer exactly like the Lexmark replacements. However, Lexmark's case has been overruled by the 6th US Circuit Court of Appeal, on the grounds that DMCA 1201 was being used to preserve Lexmark's business model of selling expensive replacement toner cartridges. 2) DMCA encourages the implementation of faulty DRM technology. Some industry observers also feel that DMCA 1201 is used as a crutch: companies can implement DRMs that don't really work very well - such as CSS and SunnComm MediaMax CD copy protection technology. DMCA 1201 allows DRM technology vendors to breathe easy while the media industry and the law punish circumventers. It basically is a law that allows the vendors to produce flawed technology, market it to gain revenue, and yet protect themselves if/when someone breaks their code. In the long-run, it limits the development of digital media distribution networks, if content holders are have doubts about their copy-protection measures and have to waste resources in legal prosecution, instead of relying on effective technology. 3) DMCA 1201 is potentially being used to stifle free speech and scientific research. The experience of University of Princeton Professor Edward Felten is a testament to this. Professor Felten and a team of researchers were invited by Secure Digital Music Initiative to participate in a competition to try to break their audio Watermarking technologies used in preventing music piracy. The team succeeded in breaking the technology. However when the team tried to publish their results, the SDMI threatened the researchers with liability under the DMCA 1201. SDMI's rationale is that it would have impugned on the Initiative's right to prevent circumvention of their technology, as the published info could be used by hackers worldwide. In the end, SDMI retracted its threats; however, the researchers only published a portion of their findings. In July 2001, Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov was detained for six months in the United States after speaking at the DEFCON conference in Las Vegas. Prosecutors, prompted by Adobe Systems Inc., alleged that Sklyarov had worked the Advanced e-Book Processor. The software allowed owners of Adobe's electric books to convert them from e-Book format into Adobe Portable Document Format(pdf) files, thereby removing restrictions embedded into the files by e-Book publishers. The program was distributed over the Internet by his Russian employer, ElcomSoft Co. Ltd. As Sklyarov's work was legitimate under Russian laws, he was only able to be detained when he was on US soil, and thus subject to the DMCA 1201. ElcomSoft was later unsuccessfully sued by the US Department of Justice under the DMCA 1202. In conclusion, it can be seen that certain applications of the DMCA 1201 can lead to the suppression of legitimate activities of journalists, publishers, scientists, students, programmers, and members of the public. This is detrimental to the development of the DRM system, potentially delaying the maturation of the industry towards acceptable and agreeable uses. US - DMCA OdditiesHideShow One case in DMCA has been applied to what some see as a ridiculous extent is the US case of game software maker Tecmo against an Internet gaming fan site, ninjahacker.net. Tecmo, creator of Xbox games such as 'Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball' and 'Ninja Gaiden', has accused ninjahacker.net of reverse engineering its games to change the skins of certain game characters (skins commonly refers to the appearance of a computer game character or object). Tecmo has legal grounds on which it can legislate the issue: game software and characters are fully copyrighted by international law, and thus protected under the DMCA. Ninjahacker.net is not accused of actually pirating the game, but Tecmo alleges that it has violated the DMCA by 'impinging the creativity of and devalue their investment in their designs'. Nevertheless, the moral validity of the suit is still to be addressed. Ninjahacker.net's lawyers defend that modifications were only done to offer tools to create different skins, and that the site facilitates the exchanging of skins amongst fans for purely personal use. Fans are not encouraged to pirate the game; rather, they use the skins for their own enjoyment, using legitimate copies of the game. The case is still pending decision. Other linksHideShow Here are some useful links to get the latest in worldwide legislature. World Intellectual Property OrganisationIPOS Navigate to 'Useful Links', 'National IP Offices' to get a list of IP organisations around the world. Page Sources:- IPOS (http://www.ipos.gov.sg/)- Wikipedia: DMCA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCA) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[29] = "Future Outlook^future.html1006^What can we expect of DRM in future? In this section, we'll look at some of the upcoming DRM technologies, future legislature, benefits and shortcomings of DRM.Jump To:Future ...^Future Outlook What can we expect of DRM in future? In this section, we'll look at some of the upcoming DRM technologies, future legislature, benefits and shortcomings of DRM.Jump To:Future technologiesFuture LegislatureFuture ImplicationsFuture technologiesHideShowWatermarks - An alternative of DRM Technology is forever on its progress. The continuous advancements of technology offer us a few more options, other than the disputable DRM, on how to fight the battle against illegal downloading. One of them is Watermark. Similar to physical watermark, digital watermarks is a technique where by a hidden message, which is capable of monitoring and recording the buyers' operations and manipulations on the digital material, was written into and sold together with the contents. Unlike DRM which put restrictions on formats and the playback feature of your portable devices, being it iPod, Mobile Content player (MCP) or PDA, watermark gives end users perfect freedom in how to deal with their music or videos. It neither stops you from sharing their high quality sound tracks through P2P nor prevents you from making illegal copies of CDs. However, it will track down your misuses when you go on line and report to authorities in charge. In another word, you have to face the judicial consequences if you unintentionally or deliberately offend copyright laws. One of the companies that initiated the adoption of watermark in their products is TiVo. It officially announced its intention to employ watermark as a measure against the abuse of TiVoToGo technology and at the same time, give consumers the maximum autonomy to manage their recorded programs. The merit point of watermark is that it saves all the troubles that DRMs impose on consumers and allows them to experiment and explore further into the uses of software they purchased. Instead of technically stopping unlawful practices, which is more than often not successful, it deters people from doing so by punishing them harshly and at the same time, raising the awareness of 'correct' downloading habit. While praising watermark for its relative advantages over DRM, we must admit that the technology is not mature yet. Although the effects that watermark has on visual contents is not so much a concern, whether it will undermine the quality of audio tracks still remains to be seen. The innate flaws of watermark also makes it a less favorable choice when tackle piracy problems. The tricky part about watermark is that although it can monitor how the distributed program, let's say a TV series, is misused, the system cannot determine who is the culprit behind the scene. The man who is guilty for the cyber crime may not be the registered owner of the program due to factors such as resale. The investigation process is cumbersome yet futile in most cases. An example is TiVoToGo, a technology from TiVo that basically allows the company's customers to take the recordings they make with their TiVo digital video recorders (DVRs) on the run. Rights locker architecture A few decades back we will be satisfied if our purchased CD can be played at home by the hi-fi equipment. Today, we ask for more. We want it to be playable not only in CD-ROMs but also in various portable devices so that we can listen to music whenever we want, let's say during a family trip to San Francisco. However, many current DRM encrypted files are only playable on certain devices. DRM researchers showed increasing awareness of their demand for free transmission between gadgets owned by the same person. And 'Rights locker' architecture is the technology they will use. Using Rights locker, consumers can assess any rightly deserved source at any place via any devices, be it PDA, MP3 or hand phones under a DRM-controlled environment. In another word, as long as the digital contents belong to you, how and where you are going to use it is your personal choice. So, how does this happen? In Rights locker architecture, the digital contents purchased by a consumer are no longer kept in a specific hardware. Instead, they are collectively stored on a network server which also authenticates the requests to access the source and gives permission to those proven to be eligible. For instance, a consumer who want to play an audio file in his laptop does not load the file form its hard drive, but from a central on line server. The server read the authentication information sent together with the request to verify the identity of the user. Once it is approved, the server will sent the required file back to the laptop. By doing this, the physical limitations of devices are overcome. That's to say you can play the music previously saved on a PC at home on your way to work using a wireless device. Right locker makes sure the DRM restrictions on digital contents are not bounded to any particular playback device, to the consumer himself. It also provides an alternative way to store their rightful contents. Hence, once the computer system breakdown unexpectedly, we still have the backup resource to restore the data lost. In conclusion, Right locker provides DRM materials with portability and recoverability. It is not likely to implement Right locker architecture in large scale at this point of time since broadband is yet to be popularized. The capacity memory card of wireless devices is still not large enough to store ample information. However, Right locker has a great potential to play a significant role in future DRM when wireless is more extensive and well-developed. Future LegislatureHideShow Okay, as if these measures were not enough, another even more restrictive Bill was proposed in the US. Called the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, this Bill would have prevented the production of any technology that could read data not already equipped with DRM. This would in effect have made copy protection mandatory for every piece of programming created, from personal script to commercial code, otherwise your own hardware would simply not read it. Proposed penalties included a maximum of 20 years imprisonment and/or a maximum fine of $1 000 000. Thankfully, the Bill was seriously opposed and effectively terminated in 2002. Counter-legislature also exists, in the form of Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act. This Act is a direct challenge to the DMCA, and would force the media-related industry to properly state what DRM technologies have been implemented into their media. This way, consumers are protected from discs that simply will not play on their devices, due to certain copy-protections implemented. Previously, some CDs lawfully purchased could not be played on certain hardware (computers, DVD players, CD players, iTunes etc.). The problem is that consumers were not given any prior information regarding this problem, such as stickers on CD jewel cases, before making their purchase. It would also allow manufacturers to innovate in hardware designs and allow consumers to treat CDs with more freedom. A stated example in the Bill is that 'a blind person could develop a means to listen in audio form to an electronic book which had been purchased in text form'. This enables consumers more ways to derive enjoyment from their data purchases, while still acknowledging the copyright holders. The Consumers' Right Act is currently pending discussions in the US House of Congress. Future ImplicationsHideShowBenefits of DRM Rare good point: British Library in its secure electronic delivery service to permit worldwide access to substantial numbers of rare (and in many cases unique) documents which, for legal reasons, were previously only available to authorized individuals actually visiting the Library's document centre at Boston Spa in England. DRM's advent is the first time large-scale digital distribution has been reasonably achievable, which proponents claim to be a benefit both to content creators and their customers that far outweighs typical problems with such systems. Shortcomings of DRM Non-reversibility of DRM: It is time-linked ; after say 50 years, the thing is still copyrighted, with no practical way of rooting it out. The time-limit has not been encoded in the problem. Its legal-reversibility ; once again, if we sign an agreement to give the program, all rights to it goes over to you. There is no practical way to change the DRM coding. Strange bad point: New York University's Kraiser Dental School. The textbooks are available only on DVD and students are forced to purchase the DVD. The DVD's are readable only on an authorized computer and only for a limited time, after which the DVD 'expires' and the information in the 'DVD book' becomes unavailable. Some of these books are not available on paper at all. 'How the hell am I to solve your teeth problem if I have nothing to refer to???' Weakness of DRM: Informed consumers and high-volume pirates with scotch tape can overcome the CD protection, and thus CD protection doesn't accomplish primary function. However, XCP still installs Rootkit, creating weaknesses while not making itself useful. Furthermore, and more seriously, DRM can be overcome by the computer industry. This is because makers of CD players and CD-ROM drives frequently release 'updates' and 'patches' that improve performance and fix bugs (i.e. Microsoft's updates for Windows XP). Some of these patches also overcome DRM, and previously-protected CDs are now playable. In another instance, companies like Securcom uses CD verification in popular games, such as Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War which can be kooky, preventing even legitimate users from playing. Conclusion No one can predict what we can expect in future. The digital world will continue to develop, so will DRM technologies. What is most important is that corporations should make careful decisions when implementing DRM on their products and examine the possible implications on society and every individual directly affected. For the consumers, they should know the do's and dont's well. Hopefully, both sides can reach a balanced viewpoint where consumers and companies reach an agreement, both symbolically and on the legal note. Page Sources:- Watermarking (http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=2210)- Wikipedia: Digital watermark (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_watermark)- Watermarks: A better DRM than DRM itself? (http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=2210&part=rss&tag=feed&subj=zdblog)- Rights locker architecture (http://www.jura.uni-tuebingen.de/bechtold/pub/2003/Future_DRM.pdf) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[30] = "Global Review^review.html1006^This section contains the results of our survey and questionnaire conducted for our possible target audiences (teenagers and pre-teenagers). These are the direct voices from the ...^Global ReviewThis section contains the results of our survey and questionnaire conducted for our possible target audiences (teenagers and pre-teenagers). These are the direct voices from the consumers. Section ContentsHideShowInternational Survey A survey consisting of 5 short questions and the responses from the audiences Questionnaire A longer questionnaire and the response of three featured consumers Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[31] = "International Survey^survey.html1006^We conducted an interview worldwide, through mediums like the Internet, friends and people who are frequent users of DRMed products. We received more than 70 responses. From ...^International Survey We conducted an interview worldwide, through mediums like the Internet, friends and people who are frequent users of DRMed products. We received more than 70 responses. From here, you will have a better insight on what other people around the world know about DRM. Here is the list of questions that are set. 1. When and how did you realize that there is something called DRM which will restrict your usage of some digital contents? 2. In your opinion, is DRM well received in your country? Why? 3. Should DRM be implemented? If no, why not? If yes, to what extent? 4. Are u satisfied with the current DRM technologies? 5. What are your suggestions to improve DRM? Let's look at some of the more constructive responses. Survey ResultsHideShowQuestion 1: When and how did you realize that there is something called DRM which will restrict your usage of some digital contents? This is the first time I hear about this No, but I've knew there are some organizations which are trying to protect the rights of the author No I didn't realize of such restrictions I realize just now that there is something called DRM which restricts our usage of some digital contentsNever heard about this When I bought my fist PC ( in 1998) I had already knew that is existing a projectI first realized when I tried to install the windows exp (not from original cd) and I couldn't install it because I didn't had the codeT This is my first time I hear about drm, but I was imagining that it exists something like thisNo, but I've knew there are some organizations which are trying to protect the rights of the authorI realized that drm exists when I tried to took some songs and they weren't available I have never heard about it before I didn't realized that there was something like the drm I heard about drm when I answered this questions I heard about it a long time ago from tv contentsJust now I think i knew that something like the DRM existed from the time i've brought my first pc ,like 3 years ago ...but i think I always assumed that somtehing like this must exist Question 2: In your opinion, is DRM well received in your country? Why?Yes, I think its well received because it may offer safety to the client using the so called software It depends for the category of people. For some teenagers, for example, maybe it is not, but generally speaking, I think it iswell receivedI don't know No, because we can't buy the original data In my opinion its going to take a long time until people will realize that they have to stop getting access to different types of software by illegal ways so DRM is not welcomed Drm is not well received in my country, it is wanted by the authorities but the high cost of merchandise stop it I think drm is not well received in my country because we didn't have so much money to buy, for example, an original disc with music or movies.No because our country is very poor and cant buy the originalIn my opinion the drm isn't well received by the Romanian people because anything that is legally licensed is more expensive than a regular illegal copy of an program or game.In our country this isn't well received because Romanian are used to copy programs illegally and sell them and this is happening everyday even if this programs have security codes, the 'pirates' find usually a method to crack them I thinks it's not going to be well received because in my country the illegal trading is a very profitable businessNo commentI don't think drm is well received in Romania, because it isn't such a rich country so people could buy any CD or DVD, software or other digital products, because they are really expensive and its much easier to download them from the Internet No it isn't because we do not have enough money to pay for those expensive programs I think it isn't well received because people cant achieve more digital materials No, because the people from my country are using pirated software In this country there are many restrictions when you want to use the Internet so the answer is yesNo it is not well received because there are many poor people that can't buy original digital stuff In my opinion i thing DRM is more or less (more) ignored...mostly because people use software without any kind of license ,so what do they neeed 'Digital_rights_management ' ?On the surface it may be well received because companies and the government are actively promoting anti-piracy, but it is not well received by consumers like us because we hate spending money on expensive digital content Question 3: Should DRM be implemented? If no, why not? If yes, to what extent? Yes, only if the client agreesNo commentYes No, not in RomaniaI don't think DRM should be implemented because people will never respect its rules anyway. Drm should be implemented because it would protect the originality of the productsIn my opinion DRM should be implemented because we can get all we want on the Internet, even if it is illegal or not.Yes but not for movies or music just for PC programsYes, drm must be implemented, but they have to give us some less expensive stuff. If the drm will be accepted and practiced in our country, a lot of software will decrease the price.I think that this method will be useful for the Microsoft corporation because they suffer big loses because all the illegal software activities I'm not sure I think that drm shouldn't be implemented because lots of people want to take something from the Internet and they can't From my point of view, I don't think it should be implemented, but giving it up would be a tragedy for the authors of the digital media and especially for their profitsIt shouldn't be implemented because we need the freedom of information and data I think drm should be implemented only in some of the categories of data t is useful but isn't necessary because we don't have to buy the softwareYes because many people use the Internet and digital data illegal and they can make illegal copies of music tracks , movies , programsYes and No. yes because it is a loss of money for the music producers and big companies, no because if it is implemented they have to give a lot of fines and put a lot of people in jailLegally probably it is a good idea (with a defined purpose and all that) ...both for the porgrammer as for the consumer DRM should be implemented to curb piracy. However, it should not restrict us such that we can't use something we bought legally properly. Question 4: Are u satisfied with the current DRM technologies? Well, I didn't really use such a thing, but of what I heard from other people there are well made.They may be perfected, but I'm sure they are in a continuous development Yes Until today I never heard about the DRM so I can say I agree with their policy as long as it doesn't affect me Yes I am because we can copy multiple songs, games and many moreI think its important to exist something like drmNo Now! Because only a dozen of people are using it. The most famous way to get software is to illegally copy It from a friend.No because they don't take sufficient measures to prevent the illegal actions Not really No comment I don't care about it In this country no but I don't know how advance are drm technologies in other countries I confess i tend to ignore them Yes, I'm satisfied with some of the technologies which serves its purpose well. But I'm not satisfied with DRM like the Sony's Rootkit which installs a Trojan horse-like thing without the user knowing! Question 5: What are your suggestions to improve DRM? -No response given- No comment It's good the way it is I don't think they should improve anything Drm should be implemented more aggressive for it to be successful No answer None because I don't know exactly what it represents I don't know I would like a more advanced technology They should give more freedom to copying information to the poor countries I cant give a suggestion that may be useful. They should let their specialists decide what to do I suggest that it should stay like it is nowThe drm should protect the Internet from viruses and people that use programs that make illegal copies of movies, music, programsThey shouldn't fine the poor people for not using original stuff, only the rich ones cause they have the money to buy original thingsMore acuracyThe companies should conduct a big review on their DRM and explore new ways to stop piracy instead of developing more vicious DRM.^0^0^";
s[32] = "Questionnaire^questionnaire.html1006^In addition to the international survey, we also showcase three featured responses to our questionnaire, which is an extended version of the survey. The questions and responses are as ...^QuestionnaireIn addition to the international survey, we also showcase three featured responses to our questionnaire, which is an extended version of the survey. The questions and responses are as follows: Jump To:David's ResponseDodo's ResponseFu Kan's ResponseDavid's ResponseHideShow MCQs: 1) Which country do you live in? USA Egypt Singapore The Philippines China Others please specify ______ 2. Which age group do you belong to? 10-20 21-30 31-40 41 and above 3. What is your gender? Male Female 4. In what way did you become aware of the existence DRM? Educated by websites like oursThrough newspaper reports or IT-related magazines Told by a friendFind out by yourself in the process of trying to break the license agreementOthers, please specify ____ 5. To what extent are you familiar with the term DRM? ExpertQuite familiarJust know by nameNever heard of it before 6. Do you check out the legitimacy of the stuffs you intend to download before action? Yes, alwaysSometimes OccasionallyNever 7. How often do you use P2P to download online resources? Most of the timeSometimes SeldomNever 8. What percentage of your CD/VCD/DVD collection is pirated? Almost 100%50% - 90% 10% - 50%Almost none 9. How often do you encounter troubles caused by DRM, such as the infamous incident of Sony rookit? Very oftenSeldom NeverDo not know if problems are caused by DRM or not 10. Do you think DRM is necessary for copyright protection? Yes, it isNo, other means should be usedNo, all resources should be put under public domain 11. Based on your knowledge, how many people in your country are in favor of DRM? FewAbout halfMajorityHave no idea Open Questions: 1. In your opinion, what is the most prominent failure of DRM? Inability to discern between practical applications (time-shifting) and impractical ones (duplication for self-use) 2. Is DRM well received in your country? Why? Yes it is. Singapore's IT industry well understands the need for DRM. 3. Should DRM be implemented? If no, why not? If yes, to what extent? Yes, it should be implemented, as it allows copyright to be enforced and thus encourage creativity. 4. Are you satisfied with the current DRM technologies? In what ways can they be improved? No, not satisfied, they need to be more technologically sound (no rootkits and bypasses) 5. How do you think DRM can affect our digital lives? Make it more difficult to send and receive and copy files, even for practical and legitimate purposes.Dodo's ResponseHideShow MCQs: 1) Which country do you live in? USA Egypt Singapore The Philippines China Others please specify: Indonesia 2. Which age group do you belong to? 10-20 21-30 31-40 41 and above 3. What is your gender? Male Female 4. In what way did you become aware of the existence DRM? Educated by websites like oursThrough newspaper reports or IT-related magazines Told by a friendFind out by yourself in the process of trying to break the license agreementOthers, please specify ____ 5. To what extent are you familiar with the term DRM? ExpertQuite familiar Just know by nameNever heard of it before 6. Do you check out the legitimacy of the stuffs you intend to download before action? Yes, alwaysSometimesOccasionallyNever 7. How often do you use P2P to download online resources? Most of the timeSometimes SeldomNever 8. What percentage of your CD/VCD/DVD collection is pirated? Almost 100%50% - 90% 10% - 50%Almost none 9. How often do you encounter troubles caused by DRM, such as the infamous incident of Sony rookit? Very oftenSeldom NeverDo not know if problems are caused by DRM or not 10. Do you think DRM is necessary for copyright protection? Yes, it isNo, other means should be used No, all resources should be put under public domain 11. Based on your knowledge, how many people in your country are in favor of DRM? FewAbout half MajorityHave no idea Open Questions: 1. In your opinion, what is the most prominent failure of DRM? There are still some hackers that might be able to break DRM and download the content illegally. Some countries may not care about DRM and continue the current system. 2. Is DRM well received in your country? Why? Not really, since most of the people in my country are from middle income family, thus pirated products are very welcomed and thus DRM may affect the lives of these people. 3. Should DRM be implemented? If no, why not? If yes, to what extent? Yes, however it is very difficult to implement, since the idea of piracy are already embedded in everyone's minds. Maybe law enforcement like Singapore might be effective. 4. Are you satisfied with the current DRM technologies? In what ways can they be improved? I am not really aware of the current DRM tech, yet, even if it is, it is not that evident in my country, thus, I do not have the right to give feedbacks about the improvements. 5. How do you think DRM can affect our digital lives? For short, DRM may be the best medicine for piracy, but it will be very costly.Fu Kan's ResponseHideShow MCQs: 1) Which country do you live in? USA Egypt Singapore The Philippines China Others please specify ______ 2. Which age group do you belong to? 10-20 21-30 31-40 41 and above 3. What is your gender? Male Female 4. In what way did you become aware of the existence DRM? Educated by websites like oursThrough newspaper reports or IT-related magazines Told by a friendFind out by yourself in the process of trying to break the license agreementOthers, please specify ____ 5. To what extent are you familiar with the term DRM? ExpertQuite familiarJust know by nameNever heard of it before 6. Do you check out the legitimacy of the stuffs you intend to download before action? Yes, alwaysSometimes OccasionallyNever 7. How often do you use P2P to download online resources? Most of the timeSometimes SeldomNever 8. What percentage of your CD/VCD/DVD collection is pirated? Almost 100%50% - 90% 10% - 50%Almost none 9. How often do you encounter troubles caused by DRM, such as the infamous incident of Sony rookit? Very oftenSeldom NeverDo not know if problems are caused by DRM or not 10. Do you think DRM is necessary for copyright protection? Yes, it isNo, other means should be usedNo, all resources should be put under public domain 11. Based on your knowledge, how many people in your country are in favor of DRM? FewAbout half MajorityHave no idea Open Questions: 1. In your opinion, what is the most prominent failure of DRM? Technology is not mature enough, surely. Whatever technologies used now is rather easily cracked by simple methods. For eg. Microsoft used some technologies to prevent ppl copying their genuine version software - windows, by putting encrypted tracks on their discs, but ppl easily found out this and managed to copy what they want. It’s the same with many software producers. And for media products such as CD/DVDs its impossible to prevent illegal copying by the owners, since they own the media and they can just lend the media to others who hence do not need a license to view this media. 2. Is DRM well received in your country? Why? No. cos ppl are not all rich. It would be natural for them to resolve to illegal means of obtaining media. 3. Should DRM be implemented? If no, why not? If yes, to what extent? Yes. Extent depends on what level of technologies the corporations can develop, because how well they can protect these intellectual property directly links to how good profit they can make from them. And they do have the rights to do this. 4. Are you satisfied with the current DRM technologies? In what ways can they be improved? No. if they decide to let drm technologies be more welcomed by users, they must lower the price of media itself. It is difficult to control the internet, so making media more accessible is one way to improve the situation. Also can make media available in library, so ppl can get them from library without violating any copyrights. 5. How do you think DRM can affect our digital lives? Basically, an obstacle to ppl who wants to attain max entertainment. Everyone hope its nonexistent. So its nothing more than an obstacle, which IT savvy people will constantly try to overcome.Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[33] = "Interactivity^interactivity.html0000^Ready for a little break from reading? Why don't you play some games and puzzles to see how much you have actually learned after reading our site. The interactivity section not only ...^InteractivityReady for a little break from reading? Why don't you play some games and puzzles to see how much you have actually learned after reading our site. The interactivity section not only contains games and puzzles, but also presentation media that can be used to educate others about DRM.Section ContentsHideShowQuiz Take this 15 question quiz covering information from all over the websiteMemory Put your memory to the test and play this memory game Hangman Play this classic hangman game using DRM vocabularyFrustration Maze Try to complete this maze that is riddled with trivia question traps Crossword Can you complete the DRM crossword puzzle? Give it a try!Product Key Demo View a simple demonstration of the installation of a product using a product keyBingo Try beat the computer in this Bingo game that uses DRM vocabulary instead of numbersDo's and Don'ts Watch this presentation detailing the rights and wrongs of media management on the consumer sideEducational Presentation Share this presentation in your community or at school to educate others about DRMMedia Download freebies like wallpapers and screensavers for your desktop and mobile phones here!Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[34] = "Quiz^quiz.html0000^How well have you mastered the contents on this site? Assess your knowledge and understanding with our 15-question multiple choice quiz which covers information from various sections of the ...^QuizHow well have you mastered the contents on this site? Assess your knowledge and understanding with our 15-question multiple choice quiz which covers information from various sections of the website. Good Luck!The QuizHideShow1. What is the DRM used by Apple? Fairplay iSecure MacRight NoCopy2. Which company released the most controversial DRM called the Extended Copy Protection? Sony Warner Microsoft Apple3. What is DRM used for? Detect ADware and prevent popup windows of some sites Control the data flow in and out of the computer on the web Prevent the computer from being infected with viruses Prevent the uncontrolled copying of digital media files4. Which one is not a component of the cryptography used in DRM? Sender Receiver Remover Attacher5. Which company released the DRM software RipGuard? Macrovision Apple IBM Microsoft6. Which of the following is not a main feature of Windows DRM? Secure audio path Strong encryption Strictly no digital files can be copied Output protection7. Which of the following is not an advantage of watermarking? Low cost Easy to implement Efficient High tech8. In Singapore, how many months can people be sentenced for downloading songs illegally? 6 months 12 months 8 months 3 months9. About what percentage of teenagers in Singapore have downloaded songs illegally? 67% 53% 61% 23%10. Which of the following is a product of FOSS? Redhat 10.0 Norton Antivirus Mozilla Windows XP11. What is copyleft? A term describing expired copyright A term opposing copyright A term describing copyright infringement A term describing a special way to copy things12. The idea of free software is originally introduced and brought to reality by Larry Page, Cofounder of Google Linus Torvalds, Father of Linux Richard Stallman, MIT researcher Bram Cohen, Inventor of BT13. When was the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DCMA) signed? March 20, 1987 March 10, 2004 October 28, 1998 November 2, 199314. When was the EU Copyright Directive passed by the EU? July 1, 2000 October 28, 1998 June 16, 2002 March 10, 200415. What is the counter legislature of DMCA? Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act Digital Restrictions Management EU Copyright Directive None of the above Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[35] = "Memory^memory.html0000^How good is your memory? Put it to the test with this memory game using the images of many items commonly associated with DRM. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow To start the game, click the button ...^MemoryHow good is your memory? Put it to the test with this memory game using the images of many items commonly associated with DRM. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow To start the game, click the button below that says 'Play Game In Popup'. The game will open up in a popup window and the timer will begin. Click on a box to reveal the image beneath it and then click on a second box to reveal the second image. If the images match, the boxes will remain revealed. If they do not match, both boxes will turn grey again. The goal of the game is to reveal all the boxes by selecting the matching pairs of images. To restart the game at anytime, click on the timer. The timer will then restart and the squares will be randomized and hidden once more. If you complete the puzzle, your time will be shown to you and a new game will immediatly begin after you press ok. Let's Play!HideShowPlay Game In PopupPage Sources:- The Javascript Source (http://javascriptsource.com) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[36] = "Hangman^hangman.html0000^Here's your chance to test your DRM vocabulary! This classic hangman game uses a list of key DRM terms (marked in bold and underlined with dashes in the site) to generate a new word every ...^HangmanHere's your chance to test your DRM vocabulary! This classic hangman game uses a list of key DRM terms (marked in bold and underlined with dashes in the site) to generate a new word every game. The goal of the game is to guess all the letters in the word before the hangman is completely drawn. You can find more detailed instructions below about the different levels of the game, and how to play the game. If you find that the game is too difficult, then spend some more time on the site reading the different pages of insightful information which will help you learn this new terminology. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow To start the game, click the button to play the game on this page (this option will only appear if the window is big enough) or in a new window. It automatically begins in easy mode which means you die on the 10th error. Medium mode allows only 7 errors, while hard mode allows 5. The word to guess is represented by dashes, where each dash represents a letter in the word. To guess a letter, you click on the letter which you want to guess and it will appear in the 'Guesses' section. If you guessed a letter in the word, that letter will appear in place of the dashes. If you guessed an incorrect letter, another piece of the hangman drawing will be drawn. The game is over when the hangman is completely drawn and a message appears indicating that you lost. To start a new game, select the circle next to the level you wish to play in, and press the 'Start New Game' button. Let's Play!HideShowPlay Game In PopupPlay Game On This PageEasy Medium Hard Start New Game ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZGuesses:^0^0^";
s[37] = "Frustration Maze^maze.html0000^Do you have the mental strength to get through this maze? This maze may seem simple at first, but its riddled with traps that you have to get out of by answering questions to reach ...^Frustration MazeDo you have the mental strength to get through this maze? This maze may seem simple at first, but its riddled with traps that you have to get out of by answering questions to reach the end. Have fun! Important Note: This game only works in Internet ExplorerInstructionsHideShow To start the game, click the button below that says 'Play Game In Popup'. The game will open up in a popup window and begin immediately. You have 1 minute (60 seconds) to get from the start to the end of the maze. You use the directional keys on your keyboard to move. The maze is full of hidden traps. If you come accross a trap, you must answer the question which pops up. If you answer the question incorrectly, you may not proceed and the game ends. If you answer it correctly, you can continue your journey to the end of the maze. The game ends if you reach the end, or if you answer a question incorrectly, or if time runs out. To restart the game, press the button that says 'Start New Game'. Let's Play!HideShowPlay Game In Popup^0^0^";
s[38] = "Crossword^crossword.html0000^How well do you know your DRM vocabulary? Try to complete these different sized crossword puzzles and find out how much you learned. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow To start the game, click ...^CrosswordHow well do you know your DRM vocabulary? Try to complete these different sized crossword puzzles and find out how much you learned. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow To start the game, click either the button that says 'Play Easy Game In Popup' or 'Play Medium Game In Popup' or 'Play Hard Game In Popup' depending on the level you would like to play. The crossword puzzle will then appear in a popup window. Click on a row or column of empty boxes to see the clue and have space to guess the word. To guess a word, type it in the empty text box after you click a column or row, and then press 'Ok'. If you cannot figure out a word, you can press the 'Solve' button and it will place the correct answer in the column or row that you clicked. Once you think you are done with the puzzle, you click the 'Check Puzzle' button to see how you did. Let's Play!HideShowPlay Easy Game In PopupPlay Medium Game In PopupPlay Hard Game In PopupPage Sources:- The Javascript Source (http://javascriptsource.com) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[39] = "Product Key Demo^prodkey.html0000^Product keys are one of the many techniques employed by software companies to protect their programs from being pirated and illegally distributed. To help explain how the product key ...^Product Key DemoProduct keys are one of the many techniques employed by software companies to protect their programs from being pirated and illegally distributed. To help explain how the product key works, this page simulates a simple registration process involving a serial number/product key. The DemoHideShow Product keys are generated in several different ways. Some companies have an algorithm to generate a product key based on your first name and last name. Other companies generate product keys in a manor independent of your credentials. Click the 'Generate' button to generate your product key below: Product Key: Now that you, the consumer, have your product key, it's time to activate or register your product. Upon installation of the software, the user is prompted to enter their name, company and product key. To continue with the installation, the product key must be valid. The software will either check it with your name, if that is the method that the company employs, or check it with another algorithm built into the program. Below is a sample installation form requiring your name, company and product key. Fill in the form using the product key generated above to correctly proceed with the process, and then fill it in again using another product key. You will notice that the sample installation will only continue if your product key is correct. Name: Company: Product Key: Product keys are only effective as long as the algorithm of creating them is hidden and unknown to the public. Once the algorithm is known, then hackers can create key generating programs to create valid product keys. Companies have recently turned to the use of internet activation to eliminate some of the possiblities of piracy, but this requires the user to have an internet connection at the time of installation which isn't always the case, and thus limits the usability of the program. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[40] = "Bingo^bingo.html0000^Think your lucky? Why don't you try to play a quick bingo game against the computer. Instead of using numbers though, the board is made up of words related to DRM. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow ...^BingoThink your lucky? Why don't you try to play a quick bingo game against the computer. Instead of using numbers though, the board is made up of words related to DRM. Have fun!InstructionsHideShow To start the game, click the button below that says 'Play Game In Popup'. The game will begin in a popup window. You will see your board with a different word in every square, and the computer's board which has hidden words. The word being called out appears at the top of the window. If the word is on your board, click the square with the word in it and it will be highlighted. Please note that the game will not allow highlighting a square that doesn't have the right word. After you are done highlighting, or you haven't found the word on your board press 'Next Word' and a new word will be called out. The computer will automatically highlight the words on its hidden board. The goal of the game is to get a 'bingo' before the computer. A 'bingo' is having 5 squares highlighted in a row horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Whoever gets bingo first wins the game. To start a new game, press the 'Start New Game' button. Let's Play!HideShowPlay Game In Popup^0^0^";
s[41] = "Do's and Dont's^dodont.html0000^Now, let's learn about the do's and dont's as an end user of digital products. We have specially prepared a slideshow to make this learning process a fun and interesting ...^Do's and Dont'sNow, let's learn about the do's and dont's as an end user of digital products. We have specially prepared a slideshow to make this learning process a fun and interesting one!InstructionsHideShow To start the slideshow, click the button below that says 'Load Slideshow in New Window'. The slideshow will begin in a new window. The slideshow is simple. There are four buttons. You can play, pause, rewind or forward using the buttons. If you play it normally, slides will undergo transition automatically. If you want to manually play the slideshow from slide to slide, you can pause it first, then use the forward and rewind buttons. You can also jump slides using the drop-down list. Let's Watch!HideShowLaunch Slideshow in New Window^0^0^";
s[42] = "Educational Presentation^edupres.html0000^For your convenience, an AJAX-S web presentation is available for schools and other organizations to educate others and raise awareness about DRM.InstructionsHideShow The ...^Educational PresentationFor your convenience, an AJAX-S web presentation is available for schools and other organizations to educate others and raise awareness about DRM.InstructionsHideShow The presentation is web-based, so there is no need for any external programs like Microsoft Powerpoint to open it. It opens up in a browser. However, it requires Internet Explorer 6 or Mozilla-based web browsers. This is because of the need to do on the fly transformations on the client, which means the necessary support for 'ActiveXObject' or 'XSLTProcessor' has to be there. Opera 9 and upcoming versions of Safari should work too. The basic buttons: For 'next', left-click or press 'right' or 'enter' key. For previous, hit 'backspace' or the 'left' key. To jump to any slide, you can make use of the selection list at the bottom of the page. If you need to print the presentation, just click on 'Printable version' link at the bottom right of the page. Then print from you browser. Enjoy! PresentationHideShowLoad Presentation in new windowDownload presentation (zipped)^0^0^";
s[43] = "Media^media.html0000^Welcome to our media page where there are several freebies you can download. We have a number of nice looking wallpapers and screensavers for both PC and mobile devices. Download them ...^MediaWelcome to our media page where there are several freebies you can download. We have a number of nice looking wallpapers and screensavers for both PC and mobile devices. Download them now!InstructionsHideShow To download, just click on the desired url links below. For the wallpapers, it will open up in a new window. After the wallpaper displays fully in the window, you can right click it and click 'Save picture as', and choose a destination folder in your local computer to sav ethe image. For the PC screensaver, just click on the link and a popup window will prompt you to open or save the file. Just click save and choose a destination folder. DownloadHideShowMobile ScreensaversHigh resolution Mobile ScreensaverLow resolution Mobile ScreensaverMobile WallpapersMobile Wallpaper 1Mobile Wallpaper 2Desktop Wallpapers800x600 Wallpaper 11024x768 Wallpaper 1800x600 Wallpaper 21024x768 Wallpaper 2800x600 Wallpaper 31024x768 Wallpaper 3800x600 Wallpaper 41024x768 Wallpaper 4800x600 Wallpaper 51024x768 Wallpaper 5Desktop ScreensaverDesktop ScreensaverFlash IntroductionIntro.swf^0^0^";
s[44] = "Information^information.html0000^This section contains information pertaining to the site itself and the team that created it. If you are having trouble using the site, you can turn to our help section for some guidance ...^InformationThis section contains information pertaining to the site itself and the team that created it. If you are having trouble using the site, you can turn to our help section for some guidance. Please be sure to read the Terms of Use as wellSection ContentsHideShowAbout This section contains information about the team members and how we collaborated. It also contains information about the site and its motivation. Sitemap If you can't find a certain page you are looking for, browse through the sitemap containing a navigational tree of our siteHelp If you need assistance in using the site, you can either read the FAQ in the help section or read the User Guide which details the functions of the website Sources This page contains a list of all the sources used for the site broken down by major sectionGlossary This page contains a list of all the terms used in the site as rollover definitionsTerms of Use Contains the terms of our website which you are in agreement with by viewing the sitePage Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[45] = "About^about.html1000^This section contains information about our team and our project. You will get to find out who are the creators of this site, the difficulties and challenges we encountered throughout the ...^About This section contains information about our team and our project. You will get to find out who are the creators of this site, the difficulties and challenges we encountered throughout the development process. You will also be able to appreciate how the idea for the site was conceived, and what we hope to accomplish by developing this educational resource. Section ContentsHideShowAbout the Team Get to know the members of our team and the role they played in the site's creation. About the Site Get to know how this project went from idea to reality. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[46] = "About the Team ^aboutteam.html1000^We are a group of passionate and enthusiastic people from Singapore, China, Egypt,The Philippines and Romania. More importantly, we call ourselves 'dreamers' because we dare to dream ...^About the Team We are a group of passionate and enthusiastic people from Singapore, China, Egypt,The Philippines and Romania. More importantly, we call ourselves 'dreamers' because we dare to dream and have our dreams. In Chinese there is a saying 'mei you zuo bu dao zhi you xiang bu dao' which means nothing is impossible if you dare to dream. We share the dream of creating the best educational website for the benefits of teanagers all over the world. One of the common goals we have is to win the Thinkquest Webdesign competition and enrich our personal life along the way. The same dream, same passion and same interest have brought us together to form our team, The DRM Team. Now we are one! Jump To:The DreamersChallenges & DifficultiesOvercoming All ObstaclesThe DReaMersHideShowThe Students:Qing Sheng Role: Programming, Content writing and researching, Page Creation Location: Singapore I'm a computing student at Victoria Junior College, Singapore. Before thinkquest, only have basic knowledge of web design and technologies. But after going through all the learning process from working in the team, I've learnt much more about the current technologies and capabilities of the web. It is exciting to acquire the new and cutting-edge skills in web-building. I'm proud to be part of the team who made our site a reality! Besides the programming aspects, I've also took part in content building, editing and organization. I'm enthralled by the amount of information we have researched and compiled for our topic of Digital Rights Management. It is really wonderful to get to know so much about DRM in the process. Honestly, I didn't know what DRM stands for at the start! The learning experience is simply invaluable. As a member of the DReaMers, I really appreciate the collaboration between team members that are separated by vast geographical distance. I am glad that we worked together well regardless of limitations and obstacles facing us and produced something really nice! Angelicum Role: Content writing and researching Location: Philippines I’ve seen how the concept of our site changed from start up to the point of it’s status now, it has all been for the better and I see myself proud to be a part of this international team. The issue of DRM is a very controversial one, from the interviews and research that myself and the whole team conducted, I have learned so many things about digital rights management from both sides. My job is both on some write-ups and interviews to people from the music industry. I can say that if my knowledge about DRM before is 2 (1-10), now perhaps it’s 7-8. Along the way, there has been some rough times when I have to do other things for work and school. However, having a diverse team that are not just specialists of each field but are very flexible multi-taskers as well, the journey seems just as just as fun and as challenging. This has been my second time to join ThinkQuest and my previous participation with teamate Tarek served as an inspiration to join TQ again so as to experience the same friendship, teamwork and gain of knowlegde the second time around. Tarek Role: Programming, Web Design Location: Egypt Hello everyone, I'm Tarek from Egypt. I am 17 years old and have been participating in web design projects for about four years now. It's a great experience and every year I learn something new. I was in charge of creating the design of the site, and page templates as well as making and modifying pages of code. I am proud of what has been created, and I thank everyone on the team for making this experience a memorable one. Huiqing Role: Content writing and researching, Translation Location: Singapore I am a typical Chinese girl from Chong Qing, the 4th municipality of China. I am currently completing my second-year study in Victoria Junior College of Singapore. Thanks to my civics tutor Mr Gi, who is also our coach for Think Quest, i came to know this interesting and enriching competition which prompted us to think and work as a team. Since it was the first time i came across the term DRM, I really had a hard time working out what exactly DRM is, let alone its implication in our life.However, after a few months' intense reading and thinking, i managed to filter out the information that i considered useful to young people like us with the help from my team mates. It is my first time writing pages and pages of English essays, first time using photoshop to create pictures, first time staring at the screen for few hours almost every day and first time working with people from all over the world! For sure, it is an experience I will never forget. Juancheng Role: Programming, Content writing and researching, Translation, Page Creation Location: Singapore Hey, I am Rong from Victoria Junior College. I am from mainland China but I am studying in Singapore. This is my first time participating Thinkquest. I am a computing student so I am mainly in charge of the interactivities part which involve many scripts. Also supposally all Chinese people should be good at Chinese so I have also taken part in the translation of our site. Besides that, I have written some english contents too.However due to my english standard, it have taken Qing Sheng more time to edit it. I like Thinkquest. I like the idea of 'think and quest'. To make the site better, we have tried out many new things such as AJAX. Then this simply results in that we have learnt those new technologies and of course the site is made better.Also I have learnt many new things related to DRM through the research. This is a bit different from learning knowledge in class. I have a feeling of great achievement if I learnt all my things on my own because it is a reflection of my effort and I can experience the process of thinking. Maybe that is why I always try to skip my lectures. In addition I have experienced the beauty of team work. All the members are so commited that we finally finish our master piece If I have another chance to participate Think Quest which means the time will stop or Think Quest will remove the age limits, I am sure i will enroll. By the way i have to thank my very good friend Hu Yitian for giving me great support. Tomita Role: Content writing and researching Location: Romania Since the first day Angelicum told me about this project I was very enthusiastic to participate at it because I think it’s a very important subject today that implies both corporations and consumers. I was in-charge with the content of the website, researching about the different technologies of DRM today. Even if DRM isn’t implemented everywhere, the software companies were large in number and I had to chose the best examples for a good management of digital content but also some negative aspects of DRM software. I didn’t start working in this team from the very start but I found a warm place to work and friends, not colleagues, which were willing to help every time I needed help. This journey thru digital right management has taught me many things about the importance of fair trade between corporations and consumers. This is my first time participating at Thinkquest and last too, but I don’t regret anything that happened in the last months working for this project because I realized that you can learn anything in this world if you are surrounded by good mates and have fun learning, like I did. The Assistant Coach:Mr. Soong Chee Gi Location: Singapore Hello world, This is my x (where x > 5) year serving as coach for ThinkQuest, and it has again been another enriching experience working with a team of energetic and driven students. The enthusiasm and commitment they have shown for the project throughout the past months is indeed amazing. I am particularly impressed by the focus and determination the members exhibited, the mature and responsible manner views and issues are discussed and mediated, leading to the outcome you now view before your eyes. Many of us (including the coaches) started with little idea of what DRM is about, and were pretty well humbled when we realized how vast, complex, varied, technical and dynamic the topic soon spans into. The true challenge lies in how we could filter down to the essentials to present an often unpopular and controversial subject in a palatable yet engaging way by harnessing emerging web technologies and standards. I hope this objective has been achieved. It has been a long journey. There have been ups and downs, give and takes, comes and gos. The struggle and frustration, the satisfaction and eurekas, and of course the countless sleepless nights, have finally crystallized into what we hope will be a useful educational resource for the community. I have learnt as much, if not more, from the interaction with the students as I have on the content matter. Perhaps it is this magic which makes me come back year after year. Thank you team for another great one. The end of the competition also signifies the start of your other pursuits, as you go your separate ways. I am sure you will cherish the comradeship and the memories, and wish everyone of you all the very best in your future undertakings. Live your dreams, for your are the DReaMers. The Coach:Mr. Amit Das Location: Singapore I teach and do research in Information Security at the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore. Besides security, I'm also interested in issues of intellectual property and copyright, and an advocate of open source software. I was involved with the prize-winning team Cybercrime at ThinkQuest last year. Challenges & DifficultiesHideShowTime Zone Differences: The first obstacle we encountered is the differences in time zones. Our team consists of three people from Singapore, one from Egypt, one from Romania and one from the Philippines, so it is very difficult for us to coordinate our activities. Also, it is impossible to meet people from different time zones online concurrently to discuss the topics. All the issues must be discussed through email which was very inconvenient. To overcome this we decided to set up a forum because you can view everyone's opinions and past archives. It also solved the time zone problem because people can access the forum at their own time and leave messages there for others. After the forum was set up it was much easier to communicate and exchange ideas. However, we still faced the difficulties of synchronizing files and sharing documents. In the end we decided to adopt a wiki platform where contents can be easily edited, revisions tracked and files uploaded for sharing. Still some problems remained to be solved. In different countries the school terms and time schedules are very different so some people have to put the project down for a moment due to academics or other commitments. It was near impossible to coordinate the pace or schedule for everyone. We tried to overcome this by collaborating effectively e.g. reallocating work so that people who have more free time can do more so that we could still maintain the momentum and adhere to the schedule. Team Composition: Initially our team had David who is talented in writing. Unfortunately he was called up for national service duty in December. We lost one good content writer which was very detrimental to the progress of the project. We tried our best to recruit new members and reallocated the tasks amongst existing ones to help complete the remaining contents. Being a diverse team with students from China, Egypt, Romania, Singapore and the Philipines, we also learnt to appreciate one another's differences in opinions and working styles. Much compromise had to be made, and we managed to resolve all issues amiably by setting our priority on the task at hand and understanding one another's standpoints. Learning New Technologies: Our team members are not professional web designers and most are inexperienced web programmers. During the site construction, we encountered numerous implementation problems due to lack of technical skills. There are lots of things we need to learn to develop the website. For example, to make some special effects such as rollover definitions and CSS theme options (read more about the site's features), we had to make use of knowledge of DOM. However, Juancheng and Qing Sheng had learnt very little Javascript in school. Therefore, they had to pick up such skills on their own, amidst their heavy timetable schedule and school coursework exam. Another example is the AJAX(read more about our use of AJAX), an emerging technology which promises more responsive user experiences with partial page reloads. It has not been implemented on many of today's sites. However, we felt that the advantages of AJAX are significant enough to warrant some investment in time to learn. Fortunately, AJAX is not a completely new technology but rather a new application of existing technologies such as CSS and Javascript, so it is not too difficult for us to pick up. After all, even though the learning process can be quite painful at times, we managed to persevere and resolve most of the problems faced and looking back, we are thankful that we have learnt quite a lot. Internet Access: Most of us reside in different countries and Internet access is therefore extremely crucial in the timely exchanging ideas and communication. However for some of us Internet access may not be always available. Angelicum faced a connection problem last year causing him to lose contact with us for a period of time. Huiqing had problems in accessing the Internet in the hostel because some hackers blocked her access to enjoy a wider bandwidth. As a result, she had to move her laptop to McDonalds to access their wireless Internet. Despite these difficulties, we managed to seek alternatives so that effective collaboration is not hindered. Language: This competition is an English one and for some of us, English is not our mother tongue or native language, so it is hard to sieve through the massive amount of information when conducting research. For example, Huiqing is from People's Republic of China, so she has to spend a lot of time reading and understanding the contents. Also, she has to write the content for the site which also took a lot of time. Juancheng also faced similar difficulties when doing up the content for the interactivity section. For Angelicum and Tomita, their first languages are not English as well, but they are in charge of the site's major sections due to their familiarity and contacts. From the initial content, we can see that they have struggled very hard to produce error-free written pieces. We have tried to overcome the problem by spending more time reading and writing. Thankfully Qing Sheng and Tarek who are better versed in English helped to proofread and edit the work done by others. Overcoming All ObstaclesHideShow The main reason is that we function well as a group. Whenever some member encounters diffculties, the others will help him or her out. The coaches have also provided plenty of useful suggestions to guide us through. Generally it works like this: we post comments that state our difficulties on the forum and team members will read the posts and give their opinions to help. For example, we had a hard time generating new ideas for interactivities, so we got everyone to help brainstorm. Members from the content section gave many suggestions that greatly helped the technical team. The undying committment from each member and the initiative to help one another through helped overcome all obstacles that stood in our way. Screenshot of our forums used for team communication and the wiki used for content sharing To excel as a group, we harness every member's strengths. Such is the beauty of team work. Each individual has his or her limitations, but collectively we complemented one another very well. For example, Tarek has prior experience as a web designer so he is in charge of the site layout and aesthetics. He also picks up Javascript fast and created many interactive games. Qing Sheng and Juancheng are good programmers so they have focused on creating the interactive activities. Huiqing and Juancheng are students from China studying in Singapore so they are in charge of translating the contents into Chinese. Angelicum and Tomita applied their networking skills to good use in conducting the surveys and interviews, on top of researching for information. Everybody's strengths and contribution is crucial to the outcomes. We have divided our jobs in a smart way so that people will work on areas that they are good at and interested in. For example the programming team has undertaken the more technical aspects since it is easier for them to pick up the new technologies than members with little foundation. This greatly enhances the efficiency of the team. Page Sources:- Image of Children (http://www.mbpct.nhs.uk/health-services/camhs/) For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[47] = "About the Site^aboutsite.html1000^This site began as an idea and became a reality through the hard work of all committed members of the team. Together, we had a motivation and a goal that we wanted to achieve. We are ...^About the Site This site began as an idea and became a reality through the hard work of all committed members of the team. Together, we had a motivation and a goal that we wanted to achieve. We are proud of the way the site has come to be, and believe we have achieved the goals we set for ourselves when we started on this journey. MotivationHideShow We have chosen DRM as our topic because we realize that today, piracy is fast becoming a very serious problem for digital intellectual property owners. Many corporations have implemented their own DRM technologies to alleviate this situation, which often have significant consequences on unknowing and innocent users. While DRM may be desirable because it helps reduce digital piracy, it may also pose pertinent issues when implemented inappropriately as it could invade the privacy or rights of the consumers. From our preliminary findings, we discover that many people are unaware of the existence of DRM and their associated technologies, and most who have do not have a positive attitude towards it, the most recent example being Sony's misadventure in DRM. Being a highly controversial topic, we feel it is important to present a more complete picture of DRM from various perspectives so that people can have a more informed and balanced view. Moreover, as teenagers and consumers of digital content ourselves, this is a subject which we can relate to and which affects our personal lives. Therefore we feel that it is necessary to create a site which will educate the public on DRM so that they can learn more about DRM, how DRM works, its present status and future developments. More importantly, they will appreciate the do's and do not's related to DRM so as to have a constructive outlook Target AudienceHideShow We hope to educate consumers of the entertainment industry (in particular music, multimedia and games) about DRM. Since this group comprises mainly teenagers and pre-teenagers, we are targeting them as our intended audience. Educators can also use our site to explain the significance of DRM to their students in these age categories. FeaturesHideShow One of the main goals from the first day was to employ the latest web technologies wherever possible. Here you will find a compiled list of the main features used in this site that makes the experience enjoyable, unique and customizable. This site was made to morph and mold to whatever needs the user has, in the hope to give you the best learning environment possible. For more information on how to use some of the features, you can refer to the help section. Read more in Site Features >Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[48] = "Sitemap^sitemap.html0000^Here you will find the organization of the various sections of our site. You can use this sitemap to access the page of your interest directly. If you cannot locate a certain page which you ...^SitemapHere you will find the organization of the various sections of our site. You can use this sitemap to access the page of your interest directly. If you cannot locate a certain page which you are looking for, you can also use the search function conveniently located at the sidebar.The MapHideShowHomeIntroductionTechnology - History - Key Players - Examples - Technical GeeksDebate - advocate - oppositions - Case Studies - Worldwide Legislature - Future Outlook - Global ReviewInteractivity - Quizzes - Corporate Memory - Hangman - Frustration Maze - Crossword - Product Key Demo - Bingo - Do's And Don'ts - Educational Presentation - mediaInformation - About - - - About The Team - - - About The Site - Sitemap - Help - - - User Guide - - - FAQ - Sources - Terms Of UsePage Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[49] = "Help ^help.html1001^Are you a little confused about any of our site's features? Do you feel like you need some help learning how to navigate this site? If you answered yes to any of those questions, then you are in ...^Help Are you a little confused about any of our site's features? Do you feel like you need some help learning how to navigate this site? If you answered yes to any of those questions, then you are in the right place. This section aims to answer any question that you may have, and teaches the user how to quickly and easily get around the site and enjoy all it has to offer. Section ContentsHideShowUser Guide Familiarize yourself with all the major features in our site, and learn how to navigate to the information you want quickly and easily. FAQ Still have a question not answered in the user guide? Read through our Frequently Asked Questions and you may find the answer. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[50] = "User Guide^userguide.html1001^Don't know how to use the site? Don't worry! We will teach you how to use our site here. You can read our instructions to have a rough idea on how to use our site utilities. In addition, ...^User Guide Don't know how to use the site? Don't worry! We will teach you how to use our site here. You can read our instructions to have a rough idea on how to use our site utilities. In addition, our FAQ might be able to answer some of your questions. User guideHideShowNavigator:On each page you can find a navigator on the left. You can click on the sections and subsections to switch between sections. If there are several pages for each section, the sub-links will appear and you can choose among the links.Search Engine:If you want to search anything, you can use the search engine on the top-right. Just type in the words you want to search and press the search button. You will be able to find relevant links in the results page.Tools:You can use the tool bar on the right to print the page, tell friends about the website and add the site to favorites. If your connectivity is slow, you can use thIe 'download site' feature to view the site off line or you can turn images off to increase the loading speed.Splash Page and Site Functions:Our starting page is the splash page. You will be to choose your favorite color scheme and language there. Once you have chosen your settings, it will be saved as your preferred scheme so the next time you visit our site, the settings will automatically be loaded. If you want to change the settings, you can always go to the theme selector under the tool box to change it. If you don't like the pre-defined color schemes, you can click on the customize button to enter the customize page to make your very own color scheme. If you want to further make the page user-friendly, you can click on the show/hide buttons on the headings to show or hide the content under it. Also you can use the 'Show /Hide Side Boxes' option below the banner to show and hide the boxes on the right. You can also use the increase and decrease options there to adjust the font-size of the content. You can choose to reset the font-size as well.Interactivities:Want something interesting? You can navigate to the interactivity section to play our games. However certain games can only be played in Internet Explorer, like the maze. Currently we have 5 games for you to play. You can learn about DRM in a more recreational and interesting way through the games. If you want to test your knowledge on DRM, you can take our quiz under the interactivity section. However if you do not have time to take a full length quiz, you can use the random teaser on the right of each page to test yourself. You can try how the product key generator works in our simple product key demo. Also you can have a look at our do's and don'ts slide show to have a better idea on what you should do and should not do pertaining to DRM.Also, you can download our flash introduction on the first page to give yourself and even others a general view of what DRM is about.Site Map:If you are not very clear about how our contents are organized, you can take a look at our site map. You can use the link under the information section to enter the site map page. You will learn how the site is organized and hence navigate the site easily.Agreements:You are only allowed to visit our site once you have agreed to our terms of use. If you want to use any material of our site, you have to agree to read the copyright section.Language:We have provided two languages, Chinese and English for users. You can choose the preferred language from the language selection box below the banner.Rollover Definition:If you see any bold words with a broken underline, it means that the words have a roll over definition. You can simply move your mouse over the words to enable a popup definition to appear. These words are usually obscure or very technical. The definition will therefore help users to understand the contents well.Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[51] = "FAQ^faq.html1001^If you still have questions after reading the User Guide, then you can look through our list of frequently asked questions and see if the answer lies there. This section contains questions that ...^FAQ If you still have questions after reading the User Guide, then you can look through our list of frequently asked questions and see if the answer lies there. This section contains questions that are commonly asked by users of this site relating the usage and functionality of the web project. Please make sure to also read our User Guide, if you have not done so already, for further help. Questions & AnswersHideShowQ: I have troubles viewing pages using JavaScript. What should I do?A: We have used Javascript in our site. Sometimes you may have difficulties visiting our site if your browser does not support Javascript. To access the scripts, you must make sure that you have enabled Javascript in you browser. For IE(Internet Explorer) , you can go to Tools->Internet Options->advanced and tick relevant options to enable Javascript and go to Tools->Internet Options->Security->custom level to change the security settings to allow Javascript. For firefox, you can go to Tools->Options and enable Javascript there.Q: I think the texts are too small for me what should I do?A: We have taken consideration of those people with viewing problems such as old men. Therefore if you have problems reading the text, you can use the increase and decrease buttons right below the banner to adjust the size. If after all you still prefer the default font size you can use the reset button to change to the default size.Q: How can I recommend the site to others?A: Under the tool box, there is a link named tell a friend. You can use it to tell your friend the address of our site.Q: Can I use the material of the site?A: If you want to use the contents, pictures or other material in our site for educational purpose. It is free. However if you want to use any of them for commercial use, you have to contact the team for permission before you use it. More details, please take a look at our terms of use.Q: I don't like the color of the site, what should I do?A: You can choose your own scheme! We have added some features so that you can choose your own scheme. You can just go to the Customize box at the right of the site to choose the skin of the site or you can click the customize button at the bottom of the box to customize your own skin.Q: I have difficulties looking for information ,what should I do?A: You can use the site map at the bottom of the left margin to have a look at the summary of the site and choose where the information is. Or you can use our search engine at the right to search for information you want.Q: Can I view the site off line?A: Yes, of course. We have provided a button at right named download to allow you to download the site and view it offline.Q: Will I get problems if I use web browsers other than IE or if I use certain resolution?A: We have taken consideration of different web browsers and different resolution. We have tested our site using IE, Mozilla and Firefox. It should work well in most of the computer. Also, we have tested our site under resolution of 800*600 and above. Therefore if your resolution is 800*600, you will not have any problems viewing our site.Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[52] = "Sources^sources.html0000^Here you will find a list of all the sources used in the creation of this site. The sources are divided up by the sections in which they were used in: Techonlogy, Debate or Interactivity ...^Sources Here you will find a list of all the sources used in the creation of this site. The sources are divided up by the sections in which they were used in: Techonlogy, Debate or Interactivity. Citations are not only located on this page, but are also located on the bottom of every page of the site for your convenience. TechnologyHideShow Words To Avoid:http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html Giant Steps Media Tech: http://www.giantstepsmts.com/bookpreface.htm Windows Media Player:http://wwwx.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/forpros/drm/default.mspx iTunes: http://www.apple.com/lu/support/itunes/authorization.html Wikipedia - Apple Computers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer XCP DRM: http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/xcp_drm.shtml Strongbit: http://www.strongbit.com/ News.com: http://news.com.com/2100-1046_3-5068370.html Watermarking: http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=LQ3LI1ECF5PAGQSNDBECKICCJUMEKJVN?articleID=18302012&_requestid=28137 Ripguard: http://www.macrovision.com/products/activereach_dvd/ripguard/index.shtml The Record: http://www.urbanreflex.com/may24_02/record.html Wikipedia - DRM Implementations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management#DRM_implementations Valve's Steam: http://www.steampowered.com SyncCast: http://www.synccast.com/products_services/default.asp?page=drm Intel: http://www.digitmag.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=4915 Real Networks: http://www.info-mech.com/drm_vendors.html#realnetworks Real Networks: http://www.realnetworks.com/company/index.html Phoenix Technologies: http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0%2C1697%2C1237519%2C00.asp Authentica: http://www.authentica.com/products/difference.aspx Fasoo.com: http://www.fasoo.com/eng/sub_com01.asp Fasoo.com: http://www.drmone.com/ Content Guard: http://www.contentguard.com/ToolsAndSDKs.asp InterTrust: http://www.intertrust.com/main/research/reference.html DigitalContainers Inc.: http://www.digitalcontainers.com/ Musicrypt: http://www.musicrypt.com/ EZDRM: http://www.ezdrm.com/ Cryptography Demonstration: http://pajhome.org.uk/crypt/md5/ Cryptography: http://research.microsoft.com/crypto/ Audio Design Line: http://www.audiodesignline.com/news/174401404 ZDNet: http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/internet/ecommerce/0,39020372,39192431,00.htm The Register: http://www.theregister.com/2005/09/02/dvd_jon_mediaplayer/DebateHideShow The creaters own ideas:http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/06/issue/feature_creators.asp Implementing the European Copyright Directive: http://www.fipr.org/copyright/guide/ Wikipedia - EUCD: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUCD Sander Sassen's story: http://www.hardwareanalysis.com/content/article/1765/ DRM at its worst? Here's a prime example: http://www.hardwareanalysis.com/content/article/1765/ Electronic Frontier Foundation: www.eff.org/IP/DRM/drm_paper.pdf The GNU project: http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html What is copyleft: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/ IPMP: http://amp.nlanr.net/AMP/IPMP/ OMA: http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Windows Vista, HDCP and DRM: www.pcstats.com/artvnl.cfm?articleID=1871 Apple licenses iTunes to Motorola:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/07/27/apple_moto_itunes/ Mp3s: http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/3646.html CNET: http://www.cnet.com/2001-1_1-0.html?tag=hd_ts Feature People: http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/06/issue/feature_people.asp Wikipedia - Unix: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix Sony BMG's Costly Silence:http://businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2005/tc20051129_938966.htm Sony's digital rights management: http://web.vjc.moe.edu.sg/students/v05s64_angqs/tq/SonySummary.htm Mark's Sysinternals blog: http://www.sysinternals.com/blog/2005/10/sony-rootkits-and-digital-rights.html Antivirus firms target Sony 'rootkit': http://news.com.com/Antivirus+firms+target+Sony+copy+protection/2100-1029_3-5942265.html StarForce instant reboot: http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/13212 Starforce DRM said to force reboots: http://www.engadget.com/2006/03/21/starforce-drm-said-to-force-reboots/ Futuremark corporation: http://www.futuremark.com/news/?newsarticle=200603/2006032104#200603/2006032104 Public discussion board 1: http://discuss.futuremark.com/forum/showflat.pl?Cat=&Board=gaminggeneral&Number=5997772 Public discussion board 2: http://www.gamerswithjobs.com/node/22746?from=90&comments_per_page=30 Settec Alpha-DVD protection used on German Mr.& Mrs.Smith: http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/13038 Alpha audio: http://www.settec.com/eng/pro_alphadvd.htm Kinowelt: http://www.kinowelt.de/ Settec - Alpha-DISC Protection Page: http://uninstall.settec.com/eng/ Heise: http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/69211 TheaterTekDVD: http://www.theatertek.com/Products/original_tour.html New radio broadcast legislation: http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060303-6310.html Audio Broadcast Flag Licensing Act of 2006:http://www.eff.org/IP/Video/HDTV/fergus_bill.pdf Big Content would like to outlaw things no one has even thought of yet: http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060121-6025.html The RIAA gets its say: http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/broadcast-flag.ars/3 Wikipedia - Broadcast flag: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Flag Windows Vista: http://www.pcstats.com/artvnl.cfm?articleID=1871 IPOS: http://www.ipos.gov.sg/ Wikipedia - DMCA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCA Watermarking: http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=2210 Wikipedia - Digital watermark: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_watermark Watermarks: A better DRM than DRM itself?: http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=2210&part=rss&tag=feed&subj=zdblog Rights locker architecture: http://www.jura.uni-tuebingen.de/bechtold/pub/2003/Future_DRM.pdfInteractivityHideShow The Javascript Source: http://javascriptsource.com^0^0^";
s[53] = "Glossary^glossary.html0000^Here you will find a list of all the terms used in the content of this site. They are the terms that have a rollover definition. GlossaryHideShow321 STUDIOS: A music and film making ...^Glossary Here you will find a list of all the terms used in the content of this site. They are the terms that have a rollover definition. GlossaryHideShow321 STUDIOS: A music and film making companyAJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XMLAJAX-S: Web presentation formatALICE IN WONDERLAND: A fairy taleALGORITHM: Description of certain processing method used by computersAPS: Assembly Programming SystemAPI: Application programming interfaceBBC: British Broadcasting CorporationBROADCAST FLAG: Tags that are attached to broadcasting signalsBT: Bit Torrent, a downloading toolCARTELS: Business grouping in order to gain control of the marketCONNECT: Sony's music download serviceCONSUMER SURPLUS: Consumers' welfareCOPYRIGHT ACT: Laws regarding copyright protectionCOPYLEFT: Opposition of CopyrightCREATIVE COMMON LICENSE: License allowing free sharing of contentCREATIVE COMMONS: An organization dediced to promote content sharingCREATIVE ARCHIVE: Collection of past news for free accessCSS: Content-scrambling systemDISTANCE EDUCATION: Education facilitated by internet, overcoming geographical barrierDIVX: Video codec created by DivX, IncDMA: Direct Memory AccessDMCA: Digital Millennium Copyright ActDOM: Document Object ModelDONGLES: Small hardware device connected to computer to authenticate softwareDPM: Data Protection ManagerDVD-CCA: DVD Copy Control AssociationEDONKEY: A downloading toolELECTRIC BOOK: Book with digital contentsELCOMSOFT: A Russian computer software companyEMACS: A class of text editorsENCRYPTED: EncodedEUROPEAN COPYRIGHT: Copyright laws adopted in EuropeEULA: End User License AgreementEU COPYRIGHT DIRECTIVE: Copyright legislation used by European UnionFAIRPLAY: DRM used by Apple in its productsFAN-SUB: Unofficial addition of subtitlesFCC: Federal Communications ComissionFIRST4INTERNET: The company which developed XCPFOSS: Software which opens its source code and thus can be changed or improved by usersFREEDOM-TO-TINKER: Weblog written by Ed Felten and J. Alex HaldermanFUTUREMARK: A software development companyGCC: GNU Compiler CollectionGNU/LINUX: Free operation systemGPL: GNU General Public LicenseHBO: Home Box Office,a cable television networkHD: High definitionHMV: A music storeHOLLYWOOD: A US city, famous for film makingILIFE: Apple's suite of programs ,includes iTunes, iMovie etc.INTEROPERABILITY: Ability to operate on machines developed by different companiesIPOD: Apple's portable music/video playerITUNES: Apple's online music storeMARIE CURIE: A great scientistMARK RUSSINOVINCH: A programmer who made Sony XCP defects publicMACROVISION: Content and software value management companyMIT: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMOBILE ALLIANCE: A body which develops standards for the mobile industryMOZILLA: Web browserMOTOROLA: A cell phone companyNAPSTER: Online music service NINJAHACKER.NET: A websiteNP-HARD: One of the computational complexity theoriesP-CODE: Engine diagnostic codeP2P: Peer to Peer sharingPIO: Programmed Input/OutputPRIDE AND PREJUDICE: A classic work written Jane AustenPVR: Personal video recorderPYMUSIQUE: Program that enables downloading from the iTunes Music Store on Linux.R&D: Research and DevelopmentREGION CODES: Technology that comfines the application of devices to a certain regionREVERSE ENGINEER: Process of discovering the technological principles of a mechanical application through backward analysis of its structure, function and operationRHAPSODY: Online music serviceRIAA: Recording Industry Association of AmericaROOTKIT: Sony BMG's controversial DRM softwareSANDER SASSEN: A bloggerSCARCITY: Condition in which limited resources cannot satisfy unlimited human wantsSECURE DIGITAL MUSIC INITIATIVE: A forum that aims to develop technology specifications that protect digital musicSHERMAN NETWORKS: A multimedia companySTALLMAN: MIT programmer who initiated the development of LinuxSUNNCOMM MEDIAMAX: A form of copy protection for compact discsSYSINTERNALS: A website operated by Winternals Software LPTECMO: A Japanese video game corporationTIVOTOGO: Technology that allows recordings to be made on the runTROJAN HORSE: A hidden malicious programUNIX: A computer operating systemUTOPIA: An idealistic societyW3C: World Wide Web ConsortiumWATERMARKING: A technology which writes hidden massages into contentsWCT: WIPO Copyright TreatyWEB-SESSIONS: On-line activitiesWINDOWS VISTA: The latest version of WindowsWMA DRM 10: DRM used by Windows MediaWPPT: WIPO Performances and Phonograms TreatyXCP: Extended Copy Protection, the DRM used by Sony BMGPage Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[54] = "Terms of Use^disclaimer.html0000^Please read these terms and conditions carefully and understand that by viewing 'DRM: Two Sides of the Story', you are agreeing to all of the following terms. If you do not agree to any ...^Terms of UsePlease read these terms and conditions carefully and understand that by viewing 'DRM: Two Sides of the Story', you are agreeing to all of the following terms. If you do not agree to any of the terms listed below, please discontinue your use of this site.CopyrightHideShow The copyrights of the site belongs to thinkquest.org including the contents, images, flashes and the rest material done for thinkquest. Anyone who want to use the material of the sites must get permission from think quest. To know more please go to <rule> of think quest. DisclaimerHideShow The site may contain links to third party sites. We are not responsible for any loss or damages incurred upon accessing any of the linked third pary sites. Access to any third party site is under your own responsibility and risk, and you are subject to the terms of use of the third party site visited. We do not guarantee the accuracy of any single piece of information we provide. Although we have tried our best to provide you with the most accurate information, some information may happen to be obselete or inaccurate. We are not responsible for any result of the use, whether direct or indirect, of the content in the site. Your access to this site is subject to the local laws in the nation where you reside. Your visit to this site is under your own responsibility, and the team disclaims itself of any consequences incurred from visiting this site. General TermsHideShow If you feel that our team or site has violated your copyrights or offended you or any organisation in any way please feel free to contact us. We will attempt to make any necessary changes and sincerely apologize for the mistake. Page Sources:- No sources were used for this page For a list of all the sources of this site, click here.^0^0^";
s[55] = "Customize Your Experience^customize.html0000^Can't find a theme that matches your mood? Make your own custom theme here! Just select the colors and options that you want and press 'Save Custom Theme' to save your ...^Customize Your ExperienceCan't find a theme that matches your mood? Make your own custom theme here! Just select the colors and options that you want and press 'Save Custom Theme' to save your settings. Once your settings are saved, you can continue browsing the website. If you have done this before, you can press 'Retrieve Settings' to use your previous settings.Custom Style Successfully LoadedNo Previous Settings FoundCustomize OptionsHideShowFont Color: Content Title Color:Page Title Color: Option Bar Color: Menu Color:Menu Button Color: Side Boxes Color: Header Color: Copyright Bar Color: Font:[Georgia][Times][Arial][Verdana]^0^0^";