The meaning of the *: See also
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abrasion

Latin abrasio "scraping down"
The destructive effect of the rolling sea on the coasts. Also known as ocean-abrade.

accumulation

Latin accumulare "heap up"
Mechanical enrichment; the piling of heavy metal and/or liquid phases in the magma.

actualism

Latin actualitas "timeliness"
One of geology's important investigational principles (by Lyell), according to which the same effects cause the processes relating to the history of the earth as in past.

aftershock

Quakes with smaller magnitude, which follow the larger quakes, their number are in a neighbourhood of more than a hundred or a thousand. They could do serious damage to the buildings damaged by the main quake despite their smaller magnitude.

agglomerate

Latin agglomerare "closely press to one another"
Formless, often not solidified settlings consisting of rough, angular rubble.
In tighter meaning: accumulation of volcanic spreading product.

amorphous

Greek "formless"
Such matter, whose corpuscles don't show regular arrangement in spite of their solid state.

anticline *synclinal

Greek anti "against", klinein "to bend"
The upward-tending part of saddle-shaped stone fold.

asthenosphere

Greek "weak zone"
A zone, which can be found below the earth's crust in about 750—800 kilometres depth.

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barchane

Turkmenian
*dune

batholith

Greek bathosz "depth", lithosz "stone"
Extensive rock-body, which originated as a result of intrusion.

Benioff zone *picture

Wadati-Benioff zone
A dipping planar (flat) zone of earthquakes that is produced by the interaction of a descending oceanic crustal plate with a continental plate. These earthquakes can be produced by slips along the subduction thrust fault or by slip on faults within the downgoing plate as a result of bending and extension as the plate is pulled into the mantle.

biosphere

Greek biosz "life", szphaira "shpere"
Such zone of the earth's crust, which embraces the entirety of living organisms.

biostratigraphy

Greek biosz "life", Latin stratum "layer", Greek graphein "to write"
Stratigraphy.

breccia

Italian
Detritic, sedimentary rock, which consist of cemented, angular rock- or mineral-scraps.

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concordance *discordance

Latin concordans "harmonious, harmonise"
Deposition of stratifications with the same tilting and path.

conglomerate

Latin conglomerare "to shape, to roll up"
Rough-grained detrial sedimentary rock; pedocal, sandy, ferrous or siliceous binding material is strengthens (cementing) the rounded granules.

consolidation

latin consolidare "solidify"
One phase of the "crumbly" continental deposit's turning into rock. (diagenesis)

contact metamorphosis *metamorphosis

contact transformation
The heat delivered by the invading magma frames the originally "cold" associated-rocks.

contraction

Latin contractio "shrinkage"
Shrinking comes with the formation of splittings, lithoclases in cases of soils or magmatic rocks.

cosmogony

Greek kozmosz "world", goneia "creation"
A science dealing with the evolution of the universe, in a narrow sense, with the evoltuion of the planetary systems.

craton

Greek kratynein "solidify"
The stable, hardened, consolidated part of the earth's crust, in contrast with mobile zones.

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denudation

Latin denudare "strip"
Erosion.

depression

Latin depressus "lowly, deep-seated"
Morphological element = sinkation. It means sucking in (the sinking of original water level or thrust line) in hydraulics.

diagenesis

Greek dia "after" genezisz "birth, origin, source"
Collective term for the process of becoming stone.

dilatation

Relative change of some body's cubage produced by external power impulse, change in temperature or other reason.

discordance *concordance

Latin discordia: "unevenness, strife"
Unequal deposition of the rock, namely the irregularity of the stratification.

dislocation, disturbance

Latin "faultage, displacement, shifting"
Tectonic (structural) or atectonic (not structural) process, which changes the primary spatial position, namely the deposition established at the formation of rocks.

dune *barchane

Germano-Dutch
Dome-like terrestrial formation accumulated by wind.

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endogenous

Greek endon "inside", genezisz "origin"
atribute of processes, occurrences connected to acting powers in the bowels of the earth.

epeirogeny

Greek épeirosz "mainland", genezisz "origin"
Long-continued rising or lowering of the crust's bigger parts.

epicentre *hypocentre

Greek epi "over", Latin centrum "centre"
The point of surface, which takes up place over an earthquake's focus (in the direction of Earth's radius).

era

Latin aera "age, point of time"

erosion

Latin erosio "outwash, corrosion"
Destructive activity of running water, wind or ice.

eruption

Latin erumpare "throw out, fling out"
The outbreaking of magma from the interior of the earth.

evaporation

Latin ex "out", vapor "fume"
Vaporization. Matter precipitation through the evaporation or volatilization of solutions. For example: origin of rock-salt.

exogén

Greek exon "outside", genezisz "origin"
Powers acting to the surface of the Earth.

expansion

Latin expandere "extend"
Notion related to earth-dilatation theory or cubage-enlargement.

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facies

Latin "mien, figure, face"
The sum total of sediment's petrographic, palaeontological characteristics, which determined by the physical, geographical, geological terms of razing and accumulating zone.

focal depth *in greater detail

Distance of the hypocentre and the epicentre. (Shallow: 0 kilometre — 30 kilometres, Medium: 30 kilometres — 300 kilometres, Deep: 300 kilometres — 750 kilometres)

focal mechanism *in greater detail

It shows, that what kind of process is passed by in the hypocentre at the quake, how the fault plane took its position, what was the direction of the shifting and also could conclude to the main attributes of the tenseness area, which caused the quake.

focus *focal depth

*hypocentre

formation

Latin formatio "formation"
Layer-row, which originated in a certain period of the Earth history and definitely stand out against the under and above settling layers.

fumaroles

Latin fumus "smoke, vapour"
Comprehensive name of volcanic gases and vapours, which gush out from splits and clefts.

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geodesy

Greek gé "earth" -> land-surveying
A branch of science, which is interested in the determination and representation of formations (on the surface of the earth and under the surface of the earth) dimensions and sites, the marking out of planned establishments predetermined places and as well as in the determination of position.

geoid

Greek gé "earth"
Geoid, geometric body, the calculated shape of the Earth without relief.

geologist *geology

Greek Latin
Geology scientist

geology *geologist *hydrogeology

Greek gé "earth" logosz "thesis"
Science of the earth's (earth's crust) composition and the regularity of histories.

geosynclinal *synclinal

Greek gé "earth", szyn "together", klinein "to bend"
Enormous hollow in the earth's crust (superficial morphologic notion).

glacial *interglacial phase

Latin glacies "ice"
Attribute of ice ages' deposits, formations.

glacier

Latin glacies "ice"
Ice-flow: mass of snow, frozen up to ice, which slides slowly downwards in high mountains' valleys.

Gondwana or Gondvana

after the name of one East Indian tribe
Such part of the ancient-continent (Pangea), which included the dry lands of the southern hemisphere, generally until the Mesozoic era.

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hydrogeology *geology

Greek hydor "water", gé "earth", logosz "thesis"
Science of lode of underground waters, one branch of the applied geology.

hydrology

Greek hydor "water", logosz "thesis"
Science of water: its objective is to examine the water's outward forms, natural relations of it, and its interaction with the environment under and above the surface.

hydrosphere

Greek hydor "water", szphaira "shpere"
The water-cover of the Earth, firstly the oceans.

hypocentre *focus *epicentre

Greek hypo "lower", Latin centrum "centre"
Points in the depth of the Earth, which settled down where the rocks break or where the rock-bodies move in relation to each other; its depth could increase from some kilometres until 750 kilometres.

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inclination

Latin inclinare "to bend"
1. The measure of a slope's leaning. 2. The included angle of the geomagnetic field's direction with the horizontal.

infiltration

Latin infiltratio "permeation"
Penetration or impregnation of dissolved matters to the pores and hollows of rocks.

ingression *transgression *regression

Latin ingressio "going in, entrance, advance"
The slow pressing forward of the oceans to such firm ground's territory, which is in the state of settling.

injection

Latin iniectio "immission"
1. The advance of fluid with magmatic origin or magmatic matter to a rock. 2. The incursion of salt-rocks to the sediments which are above it. 3. The allocation of chemical substances to the ground to stabilize and condense the subsoil.

interglacial phase

Latin inter "between", glacialis "iced, icy"
A warmer climatic period between two glacial eras.

intrusion

Latin intrudare "to deviate"
The ingression of larger masses of magma between coherent rocks.

isoseismic line

Junction-line of places exposed to earthquakes with the same strength on the map.

isostasy

Greek izosz "same", sztatisz "standing"
Theory relating to hydrostatical balanced status of the earth's crust (theory of natation).

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lapilli *rapilli

Latin lapillus "little stone"
Elemental part of mosaic, volcanic spreading product with the size of a peanut or walnut.

laterite

Latin later "brick"
Type of ground. Laterite bauxite: bauxite variant formed in case of tropical climate.

lava *magma

Melted, glowing rock, which flows the surface on the occasion of eruptions.

lithoral

Latin litoralis "coastal"
Attribute of powers, processes, which are active in seashore area.

lithosphere

Greek lithosz "stone", szphaira "sphere"
The external sector of the Earth, which contain the earth's crust and the earth's upper-crust. (The latter forms a mechanical unity with the previous.)

logarithm

We call the b positive number's a based (a > 0; a cannot equal with 1) logarithm that exponent, which we get, if we raise a to the b th power. Symbol: a^log_ab = b; The natural logarithm: 10^lg b = b (The ^ sign means raising to a higher power)

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magma *lava

Greek "thoroughly kneaded paste"
Natural rock-melt, which fully flows on a higher temperature.

magnitude

Latin "extent"
The measure of the strength of the earthquake, which is determined from the seismogram. Can be calculated form the logarithm of the ground-movement's amplitude, it depends on the distance from the epicentre, decreased to such logarithm, to which they give arbitrarily zero value. The Richter's scale uses this expression.

meander (meandering)

Greek Maiandrosz, now Menderes, winding river on the west coast of Asia Minor
Vigorous river bend, firstly as a result of the sidling erosion.

metamorphosis *contact metamorphosis

Greek "transformation"
The transformation of rock's mineral substance in the earth's crust, because of the changes of temperature and pressure.

metasomatism

Greek meta "across", szóma "body"
Transformation of minerals (rocks) on chemical way with the exchange of each element. In the first place, high temperature is necessary for it.

morphology

Greek morf "form, shape", logosz "thesis"
Branch of science, which deals with the shapes of the earth's surface.

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orogenesis

Greek orosz "mountain", genezisz "origin"
Formation of mountains.

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paleo

Greek palaiosz "old, aged"
Palaeobotany, palaeoclimatology etc.

Pangea *picture

Greek pasz "whole", gé "earth"
Great, unified ancient-continent, which split up in the course of the Mesozoic era.

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rapilli *lapilli

regional

Latin regio "region, territory, area, country"
Expanding over a large area, e.g. fault system.

regression *ingression *transgression

Latin "stepping back"
Movement backwards of the ocean.

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seismice

Greek szeizmosz "earthquake"
Connected with earthquake.

seismologist *seismology

Greek szeizmosz "earthquake", logosz "thesis"
Researcher, scientist of seismology.

seismology

Greek szeizmosz "earthquake", logosz "thesis"
Science, which deals with earthquakes. One branch of the geophysics, which deals with earthquakes, registers them, and the examination of the Earth's inner structure. We successfully understand the conditions of the earthquakes' origin, we are able to recognize the inner construction of our planet (e.g. We discovered the Earth's core).

shelf

English shelf "border, edge"
Continental shelf, the edge of continents below the surface of the ocean, which expand from the coast to the start of the continental slope (from about 200 metres depth), which are strongly steep and extend towards the deep-sea. It has an increasing role in the world's rock oil and natural gas supplement.

solifluction

Latin solum "ground, earth" fluere "to flow"
Soil creep movement, earth-flow.

stratigraphy

Latin stratum "layer", Greek graphein "to write"
Stratigraphy.

stress

English stress "tension"
Mean that tenseness state in tectonics, which come into being in a body in the course of the usage of it. Also known as guided pressure.

structure

Latin structura "construction, assembling"

subduction

Latin subducere "to drive under"
Process of shoving-under, in the course of that one rock-plate (lithosphere-plate) slide under the other, along the so-called subduction zones.

synclinal *geosynclinal *anticlinal

Greek szyn "together", klinein "to bend"
Hollow, trough. Morphologically, sinkage, accumulation of settlings occur within it.

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tectonics

Greek tektonikosz "belonging to the architecture"
Crust-structurology, mountain-structurology.

terra rossa

Italian "red soil"
Brick red, ground rich in mud-matter, which contain waterless ferrous compound; it originates in wet, warm climatic conditions, firstly on less clayey lime-rocks.

terrace

French terrassa "stepped area"
Stepped area, which is made by fresh water, which slams into the rock of cushion or into the stream deposit dumped on its own.

terrestrial

Latin terra "earth"
Continental, e.g. terrestrial deposit; sediment formed by land.

transgression *ingression *regression

Latin transgresszio "stepping over"
The advancing of the ocean towards the mainland.

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vulcanite

Extrusive rock. Also called as effusivum.

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Wadati-Benioff zone *Benioff zone

See: Benioff zone