Dear reader,
       
     A lot of imporant changes happened  in the 1900.  I picked a few that I think were the 
        most important.  They are the first test-tube baby, the first succesful
        heart surgery, polio vaccine and the first antobotic. 

1978-First Test Tube Baby Born
Lousie Joy Brown was born on 25th July, 1978 in a small town of Oldham, England.
Mrs. Brown gave birth to a five-pound, 12-ounce girl who was conceived in a laboratory
in vitro fertilize a procedure only for women whose tubes are blocked or damaged.  Two
doctors made it possible to fertilize a human egg by sperm in a glass container and

then reinsert the embryo a few days. Patrick Steptoe, an obstetrician and Robert Edward, a physiologist were the ones. In 1996, both of them came together and started working on the idea of using the laparoscope to remove a egg directly from a woman's ovary and implant them after fertilization.  For the next ten years, they worked on cases but the pregnancy was different.  During these attempts they waited four days before putting it back in the woman's stomach and divided it hundred times. But when Lesley Brown came they  moved up the waiting period for only 2.5 days and divided only 8 times.  The vitro fertilization worked and Lesley Brown was the first test-tube baby in nine months.



  1952-First Open Heart Surgery
   For surgeons it was difficult to repair a human heart  and it seemed impossible until C Walton Lillehei or even known as "Father of Open Heart Sugary" but in his days he had a controversial personality due to his style of open heart surgery. Dr Walton Lillehei got his medical degree and residency from the University of Minnesota. His skills turned under Owen Wangensteen who was the one who developed the University of Minnesota.  Dr Walton Lillehei was effected by cancer but survived. In 1952 he became the first person to perform open-heart surgery. With help from another surgeon John Lewis, Dr Lillehei closed a hole in a heart of a 5- year- old girl. He emptied all the blood  by reducing the body temperature and shut the vessels and then returning the blood to the heart.  Very dangerous way to do a heart surgery. But he had no option. Dr Lillehei realized that the process should be much more easier and developed a new technique in 1954 to repair numerous types of  heart surgery.

 
1954-1961
Summer is the most lively part of the year. It's when kids go swimming and go to carnivals, not knowing what is happining.In the year of 1900 parent wouldn't let their children out of sight because of the killer. Or  known better as polio. Children where the ones who were effected the most by polio. Parent didn't want their children crippled. Before the 1900 a few children were msteriously paralyzed which was ignored. But by the 1900 polio was much to common. In one  year 750 cases poped up in New York City. Alarm spread when Karl  Landsteiner won Nobel Prize in 1930 for discovering that polio was a contagious disease caused by a virus that is smaller than bacteria. Viruses can be rod shaped or spherical. Mild forms of polio can cause headache, fever and vomiting. More severe forms can paralze any muscle. The Enders team discoverd that polio could be grown on tissue. Which ment that their could be a safe vaccine. The vaccine discoverd by Jonas Salk in 1954 and Albert Sabine in  1961. That is why the Vaccine is called Salk and Sabine. Since then the incidence of polio was declined.

          As the world entered the 1900. Scientists felt their was more future for medicine. Their were thousands of  people were dieing  of incurable diseases. Paul Ehrlich the Nobel Prize Winner was the one who discovered chemotherapy to cure these dieases. He did lot of experients to kill just the microorganisms not the human tissue . His first experient was on the dieases syphilis. Syphilis could be spread through sexual contact. In 1905 Prussian scientist Fritz Schaudinn identified syphilis is caused by protozoa. The hard work of Paul Enrlich and Gerhard Domagk discovered a red dye called Prontosil which has a compound called sulfanilamide was effective against syphilis protozoa and later discovered related compounds called sulfa drugs. Alexander Fleming was sick of the way World War wounds were treated. Everbody was infected with microorginisom. With that experience he decieded to grow the microorginisom in cultures. One day when he was inspecting a container he saw fuzzy green mold. He felt that the contaminated culture is of no use. When he looked closer he saw that the mold as limiting the growth of the bacteria. The mold is called Penicillium which is commanly found on spoiled apples and oranges.He filtered Pencillium and added it to microorginisom culture. He saw that the microorganisom was disapering. Fleming called the fluid the worlds first antobotic  Penicillin. Unfortunately nobody was making use of his antobotic. Howard Flory and Ernst Chain skilled chemists did many studies to usepenicillin effectively on humans. So Penicillium has became a drug of a choice for many infections such as pneumonia, syphilis, blood poisoning and strep throat. They all won Nobel Prize.


Pooja